Sextant box found on Nikumaroro

Pensacola sextant, top view (3547/173).

Loaned by Fred Noonan to a student.

When Gallagher did a thorough search of the area near where the skull was found, he discovered an empty sextant box with two numbers on it--3500 and 1542. The British saw no significance in the numbers; in 2009, TIGHAR found an intriguing pattern of dual numbers (maker's number and U.S. Naval Observatory numbers assigned when the instruments were inspected there).

The Brandis sextant boxes pictured here are approximately 10" x 10" x 5".

Notes from the bones file

Telegram No. 71 from Gallagher to Jack Barley, Resident Commissioner, Ocean Island, Sept. 23, 1940

Sextant box has two numbers on it 3500 ( stencilled ) and 1542--sextant being old fashioned and probably painted over with black enamel.[1]

Typed note in file 4439-40 (23) from Vaskess to Sir Harry, April 11, 1941

The sextant box with its contents is now with me. Perhaps Captain Nasmyth might be willing to examine this with a view to ascertaining the origin?

Letter – circled 14. Vaskess to Commander G.B. Nasmyth, F.R. Met. Soc., Suva. June 6, 1941.

Dear Commander Nasmyth,

With reference to our telephone conversation relative to the identification of a sextant and box which I mentioned as having been found and which you were so good as to say you would examine, I regret to state that on further examination it was discovered that no sextant had actually been found but only a box thought to have contained a sextant.

I am forwarding the box to you with this letter and His Excellency would be grateful if you would examine it with a view to determining its use and origin if possible.

Sincerely,

Secretary to the High Commission

Typed note to file 4439-40 in red ink (39). Sir Harry to Vaskess. August 8, 1941.

Sec., H.C.,

I return the sextant box which I had retrieved from Captain Nasmyth in order to show it to Mr. Gatty who has expert knowledge of such matters. Mr. Gatty thinks that the box is an English one of some age and judges that it was used latterly merely as a receptacle. He does not consider that it could in any circumstance have been a sextant box used in modern trans-Pacific aviation. 2. What was Captain Nasmyth's opinion of it?

Note to file 4439-40 (40). MacDonald to Vaskess (passed along to Sir Harry)

The Secretary

Mnt (39), para. 2, I have spoken to Captain Nasmyth who replied as follows:- "As the sextant box has no distinguishing marks, & since it was discovered that no sextant had been found, all I have been able to find out is that the make of the box – that is – the dovetailing of the corners – makes it appear to be of French origin."

Dovetailed sextant boxes

"Dovetail joints for the corners had by the 1920s given way to comb (finger) joints, but as some later American aircraft cases used corner rebates, which are much easier to make without special machinery."

Tofiga's recollection

Tofiga said he had seen a sextant box on Vaskess' credenza. Tofiga was not taken into the confidences of the WPHC officers who examined the materials sent to Fiji from Gardner Island, but it seems very likely that the box he saw was the one Gallagher sent to Suva.

What might 3500 and 1542 mean?

Brandis #3987; N.O. #1584

The sextant box found on Nikumaroro and shipped to Fiji in 1941 had two numbers on it: 3500 and 1542.[2] TIGHAR has recently found a plausible explanation for those two numbers. The first is likely to be the maker's number; the second a number inscribed on the instrument when it was inspected at the U.S. Naval Observatory.

Fred Noonan loaned a naval sextant to a student of his prior to the fatal flight. That sextant box is extant and also has two numbers handwritten on the bottom of it: 3547 and 173. But the sextant inside the box is a Ludolph with a different serial number.

The Pensacola Sextant Box (3547 and 173)

The National Museum of Naval Aviation has a sextant box with "dovetailed corners, the number 116 handwritten on the front, and the numbers 3547 and 173 handwritten on the bottom." The box contains "a sextant manufactured by W. Ludolph of Bremerhaven, Germany, in 1919, with the serial number XIX 1090, painted black." The box was donated by W. A. Cluthe, a retired Pan Am captain, who said that he had borrowed the Ludolph sextant from Fred Noonan. The box is listed in the table below as Brandis (theoretical) because the box contains modifications that may have been made to accommodate a Brandis bubble sextant.

Sextant Box Numbers: Suggestive Patterns

This chart is organized in the order of the Navy number given to the instruments by the Naval Observatory when they were sent there for calibration. Two entries are theoretical; the rest are actual pairs of numbers obtained from various sources. Two of the boxes in TIGHAR's possession have Naval Observatory numbers stamped on the box along with Brandis maker's numbers stenciled on the box.

In the engraving on the sextants, there is a symbol for the Naval Observatory between "U.S. Navy" and the number issued by the Naval Observatory. The symbol is an "N" superimposed on a square "O". The symbol is relatively clear in this photograph.

All the nautical instrument repair and calibration work was shipped off to Norfolk in the early 1950s.

"Important though this work was, the Observatory was open to the criticism, especially from astronomers, that navigational instruments should be no part of the work of an astronomical observatory. This was undoubtedly part of the reason that the chronometer function was transferred in 1951 to the Norfolk Navy Yard, leaving only a small group of instrument makers who repaired and constructed the Observatory’s telescopes and other instrumentation, rather than navigational instruments."

Any sextant marked "FE Brandis" is definitely a pre-1925 or so product.

Click on the sort symbol next to or under the headings to sort on the values in that column.

Maker	Maker No.	Navy No.	Inspection date	Comments	Bubble	N.O. # on box
W&S (stamped into box and on plate) Warner & Swasey	69	34		Flying Fish Trading Co.	?
Brandis (theoretical)	3547	173		Pensacola	?
Brandis	2734	362	1943-04-18	ebay #350401896246; re-inspected 1965-11-12	no	yes (die-punched)
Keuffel & Esser	18446	405		Smithsonian; K&E date: 1908	yes
Keuffel & Esser	4940	415	1936-01-29	Flying Fish Trading; K&E date: 1901; in W&S box	no
Keuffel & Esser	5418	575	1918-04-16	Mystic Seaport; K&E date: 1901	no
Keuffel & Esser	33839	664		K&E date: 1916
Brandis	3227	845		Mariner's Museum	no
Brandis	3239	850		Dominic Winter Book Auctions; "circa 1918." "Brandis & Sons Mfg. Co. Brooklyn."	no
Buff & Buff	11778	1065	1918-05-12	eBay	no
Buff & Buff	11949	1144		eBay	no
Brandis		1146	1921-08-27	eBay	no
Buff & Buff	13069	1248		ebay.	n/a
Brandis	3339	1415	1942-12-26	Antique Helper	No	Yes
Brandis	3331	1421		Land and Sea; in box for 4551	No	No.
Brandis	3444	1461		eBay.	no	No, box is for a Buff & Buff
Brandis (theoretical)	3500	1542		Niku	?	maybe
Keuffel & Esser	37548	1555	1919-10-24	Mariner's Museum; K&E date 1918	no
Brandis	3483	1567	1932-01-27	ebay; box only.	no
Brandis	3987	1584	1938-11-30	TIGHAR	no	yes
Brandis (sextant only)	3511	1585		TIGHAR (sextant only)	no
Brandis	3527	1599	1933-05-04	TIGHAR; large box; box only	yes
Brandis	4551	1762		ebay; numbers from box; contains B. 3331 / N.O. 1421	no	no
Brandis	4297	1880	1939-09-18	TIGHAR - McKenna	no	yes
Brandis	4522	1868	1918-11-07	Brandis & Sons; survey; "H.K."; Capt. J. H. Klein	no
Brandis	4672	1889		eBay (reported 11/17/2011 on AE Forum by D.P.Cotts)	no	no
Brandis	4345	1914		ebay. metal tag: 61071 000065. Inside edge: (pencil) serial 1914; Brandis stamp: 4001.	no	no
Brandis	4319	1960		ebay	no	(in box for 3483/1567)
Brandis (sextant only)	4279	2531	1941-07-23	Flying Fish Trading Co.; box is for B. 4234	no
Brandis	4994	2741	1942-05-25	eBay (reported 12/05/2011 on AE Forum by D.P.Cotts)	no
Brandis	4946	2785		TIGHAR	no
Brandis	4180	2859		eBay; (no box)		N/A
Brandis	4180	2895		Bill Morris	no
Brandis	5310	2919	1946-03-07	eBay; Survey; box only
Brandis	5620	2939	1919	Smithsonian	no
Brandis	5292	2975	1919-03-26	Russ Dickey	yes
Brandis	5296	2977	1919-03-16	Smithsonian	yes
Keuffel & Esser	36961	3227	1937	K&E date: 1918
Brandis	5109	4067		eBay	no
Brandis	5375	4125		ebay	yes
Brandis	4487	4220		ebay	no	Box for 4037.
Brandis	4765	4267	1938-11-15	ebay	no	Appears to be 4765.
Brandis	4762	4334		eBay	?
Brandis	4144	4449		Bill Morris	no
Brandis	5577	4485	1941-03-14	ebay	no	No
Brandis	3893	4569	1941-03-14	ebay; sold in 1946 as war surplus	no
Brandis	3826	4603		eBay	no	Brass plaque on box: "248 US Navy 101009"
Brandis	4097	4657	1937-09-30	eBay; class: Survey	no	in pencil inside
Brandis	4313	4665		Bruce Thomas	no	No box. In display case from USS Hancock.
Brandis	5760	4705		Smithsonian	no
Brandis	3336	4773		eBay (no box)	no
Brandis	3320	4799		eBay (reported 11/22/2011 on AE Forum by D.P.Cotts)	no	no
Brandis	3985	4826		eBay (reported on AE Forum 6/30/2012 by Walter Runck)	no	No
Mergenthaler		5083-44	1945-03-27	Only the box; ebay.	n/a
Mergenthaler		5223-44	1945-01-04	MK. I. Mod. 0; ebay	no	Note on box for 5878-44
David White (1943)	11949	5508		eBay	no
David White (1941)		5273		USNO Historical Committee Inv
Mergenthaler		5878-44		MK. I. Mod. 0; ebay	no	In box for 5223-44
David White (1941)		9746		eBay (reported 10/15/2011 on AE Forum by A.McKenna) was used on USS Hector	no	13692 stamped on brass plate affixed above lid latches
David White (1943)	17649	17649-43	1946-07-19	eBay	no
No Navy numbers or not known
Brandis	1844	?		eBay; plate on box containing 4762
Brandis	3193	none		Smithsonian		yes
Brandis	3702	none		e-bay. Large "916" stenciled in gold on box.	no	"916"?
Brandis	4001	?		eBay; box for 4345		no
Brandis	4037	?		eBay; stencil on box for 4487
Brandis	4234	?		stencil on box
Brandis	5360	?		eBay; stencil on box for 3987

Looking for patterns in the data

There seems to be some correlation between the dates of calibration by the Naval Observatory and the number given to the sextant by the Observatory.

The numbers issued in 1919 seem to be in ascending order by date, but they are out of sequence compared to the rest of the table.

With the 1919 numbers removed, most of the rest of the numbers are in ascending order by date. Two of those sextants (2977 and 2975) are bubble mods for the Navy transatlantic flight in May of that year.

Ordered by N.O. number; anomalous rows marked in grey.

Maker	Maker No.	Navy No.	Inspection date
Keuffel & Esser (in W&S box)	4940	415	1936-01-29
Keuffel & Esser	5418	575	1918-04-16
Buff & Buff	11778	1065	1918-05-12
Keuffel & Esser	37548	1555	1919-10-24
Brandis	3483	1567	1932-01-27
Brandis	3987	1584	1938-11-30
Brandis	3527	1599	1933-05-04
Brandis	4297	1880	1939-09-18
Brandis	4279	2531	1941-07-23
Brandis	5620	2939	1919
Brandis	5296	2977	1919-03-16
Brandis	5292	2975	1919-03-26
Brandis	4765	4267	1938-11-15
David White (1943)	17649	17649-43	1946-07-19

Keuffel & Esser production dates

John Kada, Forum, 4 October 2012.

In the table below I list the N.O. number, Keuffel & Esser serial number, date of manufacture as indicated by the table from Surveying Antiques, and date of the eccentricity certificate we have for the sextant. The last sextant in the table is the sextant that I mentioned in reply #99, whose N.O. number we don't have.

N.O. #	K&E #	K&E year	E.C. year
405	18446	1908	N/A
415	4940	1901	1936
575	5418	1901	1918
664	33839	1916	N/A
1555	37548	1918	1919
3227	36961	1918	1937

The dates of manufacture would of course be the earliest the sextants could have appeared at the Naval Observatory, while the eccentricity certificate dates may represent re-certifications rather that the first certification of the sextant.

The K&E sextant with an N.O. number 1555 is only a few removed from our holy grail sextant, N.O. #1542; if we have a correct date for the K&E sextant then it would seem that the sextant with N.O. #1542 passed through the Naval Observatory for the first time in 1918 or 1919. It is interesting to note that the Ludolph sextant that Noonan gave to a fellow Pan Am pilot, has a manufacture date of 1919 (as indicated by the Roman numerals XIX).

Discussion

Ric Gillespie

If we throw out the 1919 numbers as an anomaly, along with K&E #4940, we can say that the assignment of N.O. number 1542 (on the Niku box) might have occurred circa 1930/31 and that the instrument was still in the Navy inventory at that time. Noonan went to work for Pan Am in 1930. Pan Am acquired the landing rights to Honolulu, Midway, Wake and Guam in 1934 and began assembling its Pacific Division with Noonan as the lead navigator.

In other words, Noonan's acquisition of Brandis 3500/N.O. 1542 as surplus sometime between 1934 and 1936 seems possible.

Art Rypinski

Keep in mind that Brandis made thousands of sextants during the period 1918-1920 or so, which left the peacetime Navy with far more sextants than they could ever use. The Naval Observatory Annual Reports for the period describe surplusing of large number of instruments. According to the Smithsonian, Brandis was acquired by the Pioneer Instrument Co. in 1922, and "the manufacture of Brandis instruments ceased in 1932." I think it would be reasonable to believe that almost all of the Brandis sextants in circulation were actually manufactured in 1918-1920, and that none were manufactured after 1932. Further, the Naval Observatory appears to have changed its numbering plan (at least for aviation octants) in the late 1920s, and begin issuing NO numbers with the form XXXX-YY, where YY was the year of original calibration. Therefore, I believe that all of the post-1930 calibration dates are recalibrations of sextants that were originally calibrated and issued their NO numbers in 1918-1920. Hence, I hypothesize that neither the maker’s number nor the NO number of sextants calibrated after 1930 has any relationship with the calibration date.

1. 3500/NO 1542 could have been surplused and put into private hands at any point after 1920. If 3500/1542 was a Byrd Sextant, however, I speculate that it would have been relatively rare and would have been kept in service until aviation octants became relatively plentiful--say, early 1930s?

Sextants, Octants, Quadrants

P. V. H. Weems, Air Navigation, 1938, second edition, p. 301

Since an arc of 45 degrees is one-eighth of a circle, instruments of this general type, having a maximum angle of 45 degrees between the two reflectors, are known as octants. Instruments having an arc or limb of 60 degrees, or one-sixth of a circle, for measuring the angle between reflectors are called sextants, and those having arcs of 90 degrees, or one-quarter of a circle are called quadrants. Either octants or sextants are suitable for aerial use, but the quadrant is too bulky. For a great many years practically all instruments used by marine navigators for measuring altitudes have been sextants, and the term sextant has become so generally used that it is now applied to all instruments for measuring altitudes of heavenly bodies whether they are actually quadrants, sextants, or octants.

Photo Gallery

• 

  Brandis 4279 in 4234 box.

• 

  Brandis 4279: Navy Sticker.

• 

  Brandis 4279 box: stenciled number 4234.

• 

  Brandis 4946. Standard sextant & box.

• 

  Brandis 5292. Byrd bubble added.

• 

  Brandis 5292. Box modifications.

• 

  Brandis 5292 in modified box.

• 

  Box comparisons.

• 

  Box comparisons.

• 

  K&E 4940/Navy 415 in box for W&S 069/Navy 34.

• 

  W&S maker's number on box.

• 

  Brandis sticker in W&S box with K&E sextant.

• 

  K&E 4940. Naval Observatory inspection 1/29/36.

• 

  Why no mods in box lid?

• 

  1943 David White box.

• 

  Naval Observatory number on 2975.

• 

  Magnifying glass on 2785.

• 

  Pensacola sextant--top view.

• 

  Pensacola: 3547 / 173.

• 

  Ludolph in Pensacola box.

Links

• Sextants at Greenwich: a catalog by W.F.J. Mörzer Bruyns and Richard Dunn.
• The Nautical Sextant by Bill Morris.
  • Blog entry about the restored sextant.
  • Update on Restoration of a Byrd Sextant--excellent photograph/diagram.

Related articles

• Air Navigation: State of the Art in 1937