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Volume 12 Number 2/3
October, 1996 |
Log Jam |
Ship’s Log: USCG Itasca; Friday; 2 July, 1937
0200 Drifting to westward of Howland Island... Wind; East, Force 2 (light breeze)...
Temperature; 81 degrees F... Sky Condition; clear... Sea Condition; 1 (moderate
swell, calm sea) |
Itasca nodded gently in the tropical night, waiting, listening.
Far to the west, the Lockheed Electra flown by Amelia Earhart and navigator
Fred Noonan was inbound to Howland Island, its planned mid-Pacific refueling
stop enroute to Hawaii and California and the completion of the first aerial
circumnavigation of the globe by a woman. Everyone knew that Earhart’s flight
from Lae, New Guinea across more than 2,500 miles of trackless ocean would
be the most challenging of her career and Itasca’s job was to standby off
Howland to render navigational assistance. On shore, crewmen would chase
the birds off the coral runway for her landing and mechanics would service
the plane. Two wire service reporters stood ready to describe the landing
and interview the fliers. It would be a memorable morning.
In fact, the events of July 2, 1937 would become the stuff of legend.
Recorded in not only the ship’s log but in three radio logs as well, the
facts surrounding the flight’s failure to arrive at Howland Island would
be interpreted in several offical reports and, over years, speculated upon
by countless searchers, researchers, authors, screen writers, and the public
at large. Many solutions to the mystery have been offered, some apparently
logical, others patently adsurd, but none offering any semblance of proof.
As with all legends, the story has become skewed and stylized through endless
retellings from differing perspectives until, nearly sixty years later,
the popular perception of what happened bears little resemblance to the
picture painted by the original record.
Good conclusions can not be drawn from bad facts. A critical re-examination
of the Itasca’s logs and new information made available by the discovery
of long-lost documents has enabled TIGHAR to piece together a more accurate
account of the events of that morning. Especially helpful was an eight-page
letter written days after the disappearance by Eric Chater, General Manager
of Guinea Airways and Earhart’s host in Lae. The letter, which describes
in detail the preparations made and the difficulties experienced by Earhart
and Noonan prior to departure, had been misfiled by the recipient and only
surfaced in 1992. It answers many long-disputed questions about the airplane
and its crew at the time of the final takeoff. Also of great help is the
existence, in the U.S. National Archives, of the original log sheet from
the Itasca’s primary radio log for that morning. Traditionally,
the logs are re-typed (the term is ”smoothed”) to correct errors
and overstrikes, but in this case the Itasca’s chief radioman, Leo
G. Bellarts, had the foresight to save the original messy sheet. It is
an invaluable tool in reconstructing what happened in the Itasca’s radio
room and aboard the aircraft.
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Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 11:55-58 p.m. July 1, 1937 |
KHAQQ DE NRUI (GAVE HER OUR WEA ON 7500) 2355-58 |
Aboard Itasca: KHAQQ is Earhart’s radio call sign, DE is Morse
code shorthand for “from” and NRUI is Itasca’s call
sign. Itasca’s transmitter can not send voice on 7500 Kilocycles. This
message is sent in Morse code. The previous evening the ship received word
that Earhart had departed Lae at 00:00 Greenwich time (10:00 a.m. in Lae
and 11:30 a.m. at Howland) that morning and should be expected at Howland
18 hours later, or 05:30 a.m. on July 2nd. The sun will not rise at Howland
until 06:15 a.m. but the officers aboard Itasca think the flight could
easily take 20 hours.
Aboard NR16020: For Earhart and Noonan the time is 11:25 Greenwich.
Their 00:00 takeoff means that they have been in the air 11 hours and 25
minutes. In a message sent from Lae and recieved by Itasca two days
before, Earhart specifically said she would use Greenwich time during the
flight. She does not know that Itasca is, nevertheless, using local
time which, at Howland, is Greenwich plus 11 and 1/2 hours. Earhart also
expects that the Itasca will follow her requested radio schedule in
which she listens for messages on the hour and the half hour, and transmits
messages at quarter to and quarter past the hour. As the Itasca’s code
message is being sent on 7500, Earhart is tuning her receiver to 3105 to
listen on the half hour. When the Itasca’s tranmission ends
at 23:58 (11:28 for Earhart) she probably doesn’t even have her headphones
on, not that it would make any difference. Not only is the weather being
sent on the wrong frequency but Earhart has repeatedly asked the Coast Guard
to “report in English, not code, especially while (I am) flying.” Neither
she nor Noonan can read Morse code.
|
Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 02:45-48 a.m. July 2, 1937 |
HEARD EARHART PLANE / BUT UNREADABLE THRU STATIC 0245/48 |
Aboard Itasca: Although the words are unintelligible, the operator
is confident the transmission is from Earhart. In a later report, the ship’s
captain Cmdr. Warner K. Thompson, explained that the wire service reporters
recognized Earhart’s voice (they had covered her flight to Hawaii in
March). In the same report, Thompson also alleged that the operator heard
Earhart say “cloudy and overcast” at this time, but no such phrase appears
in the log.
Aboard NR16020: It is 14:15 Greenwich. Amelia’s transmission, whatever
its content, is made exactly on schedule. At this point the flight is 14
hours and 15 minutes enroute and, according to the fuel management tables
prepared for Earhart by Lockheed’s Kelly Johnson, has expended 724 of the
1,100 U.S. gallons of fuel aboard at takeoff. Johnson’s procedures (see sidebar)
provide just over 24 hours of endurance for the roughly 19 hour flight, leaving
a 20% (5 hour) reserve which , according to Army Air Corps Lt. Daniel Cooper
aboard the Itasca, was considered standard for long-distance flights. |
Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 03:45-4? a.m. July 2, 1937 |
EARHART HEARD FONE/ WILL LISSEN ON HOUR AND HALF ON 3105-SEZ SHE
45/4– |
Aboard Itasca: “Fone” refers to radiotelephone as opposed
to Morse code. Earhart reaffirms her schedule for receiving transmissions
and that she will remain on 3105 Kilocycles. Although very faint (Strength
1), this is the first intelligible message received by Itasca and
the operator attempts to clarify the log entry by adding a dash and “sez
she” at the end. For some reason, the termination time for the message
is not completed. In later reports, Cmdr. Thompson inserted the word ”overcast”
into this message. The word does not appear in any of the original logs
nor in the report filed by Lt. Cooper who was present in the radio room
at this time. In short, the notion that the Earhart flight encountered
overcast weather during the night (which would have thwarted celestial
navigation) is not supported by the original logs.
Aboard NR16020: The time is 15:15. Once more, Earhart’s transmission
is on schedule. If on course, the flight should be roughly 500 nautical miles
out and have recently passed over the island of Tabiteuea in the Gilberts.
(Islanders later reported that an aircraft was heard to pass high overhead
that night.) If Earhart has followed Johnson’s tables, her situation looks
like this: Fuel remaining: 338 gals. Hours of fuel remaining (at 38 gph):
8.9 hrs. Estimated time to Howland: 3.8 hours.
|
Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 04:53 a.m. July 2, 1937 |
SENT WEATHER /CODE/FONE/ 3105 KCS–(HEARD EARHART (PART CLDY)
0453
– – – – – – – - 0500 |
Aboard Itasca: Close examination of this puzzling entry
reveals that it is actually made up of three separate notations. The first
entry states that Itasca sent the weather by both code and voice
on 3105 (the correct frequency) at 53 minutes past the hour (the wrong
time – again). The operator then went back and added (note the platen misalignment
between the first two dashes [can be seen in magazine]) a parenthetical
notation that Earhart had been heard and had apparently said something
about “partly cloudy.” In a third action, the reference to “partly cloudy”
was typed over with a series of dashes which was continued on the next
line. The impression created by the log, and expressed in Cmdr.Thompson’s
later reports, is that Earhart broke in off schedule.
Aboard NR16020: The time is 16:23. At this point in the flight,
transmitting off schedule would be very uncharacteristic for Earhart. It
would appear more likely that Itasca heard the tail end of her
scheduled 16:15 transmision. Her report of partly cloudy conditions agrees
with the Itasca’s Deck Log for this time period which describes ”clear
skies with detached clouds.”
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Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 06:14-15 a.m. July 2, 1937 |
WANTS BEARING ON 3105 KCS// ON HOUR// WILL WHISTLE IN MIC 14//
ABOUT TWO HUNDRED MILES OUT// APPX// WHISTLING// NW 15 |
Aboard Itasca: The signal is now stronger (Strength 3) and
consistent with the estimate of “two hundred miles out” but Earhart’s
request for a bearing comes as a surprise. The Coast Guard expected to provide
signals upon which Earhart would take bearings, not the other way ’round.
Besides, the Itasca’s direction finder can not respond to
a relatively high frequency such as 3105. Also puzzling is Earhart’s
apparent willingness to wait 45 minutes for a bearing which would, by then,
be meaningless.
Aboard NR16020: The time is 17:44. So far, the flight has been guided
by dead reckoning and celestial navigation but now Noonan’s calculations
place the aircraft approximately 200 miles from Howland and within range
of assistance from radio direction finding. However, in a test flight the
day before, Earhart had been unable to take a bearing on the station at
Lae, attributing the problem to the closeness of the station. In fact, at
no time during the world flight is Earhart known to have successfully used
her direction finder. Clearly, her confidence in the technology, and in her
own ability to use it, was not high. It is hardly surprising that she would
prefer to simply provide a signal and have someone else tell her what direction
to fly. She wants the information at her next scheduled receiving time “on
the hour” Greenwich time, not in 45 minutes.
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Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 06:45-6 a.m. July 2, 1937 |
PSE TAKE BEARING ON US AND REPORT IN HALF HOUR– 0645
I NILL MAKE MOISE IN MIC -ABT 100 MILES OUT 0646 |
Aboard Itasca: Frustration is mounting. Repeated attempts to establish
contact and explain that Earhart’s unanticipated request is also
unreasonable have received no reply. Now she is once again asking for a
bearing but, inexplicably, she is willing to wait half an hour for the
information. The sun is up and her arrival should be imminent. Her transmission
is recieved at Strength 4, indicating that the flight is drawing closer.
However, although traditionally ascribed to Earhart, the words “about 100
miles out” appear to be the operator’s. The notation was added
sometime after the original entry (note the platen misalignment) and is
similar to the -SEZ SHE comment in the 0345 entry. It’s an important
point because, at 130 knots, the airplane can not be 200 miles out at 06:15
and 100 miles out half an hour later.
Aboard NR16020: The time is 18:15. The requested bearing was not
received at 18:00 nor has anything at all been heard from the Itasca.
Earhart tries again, sticking to the schedule and asking for a bearing
“on half hour” (not “in half hour”). Meanwhile Noonan has taken
a celestial observation of the rising sun and has plotted a line of position
(LOP) which runs 337° to the northwest and 157° to the southeast.
He can place this line very accurately on the surface of the earth and,
through dead reckoning, theoretically advance the line until it falls through
the intended destination. When the calculated time has elapsed he will
know that he is on a 337/157 line that passes through Howland Island. The
trouble is, he can’t be sure just where on the line they are, so
if they don’t hit Howland
on the nose he will not know whether to turn left or right on the line.
That’s
why the radio bearing is so important. Fuel remaining should be 224 gals.
or 5.9 hours. If his “two hundred miles out” estimate at 17:44
was accurate and they don’t have a significant headwind (Itasca was
reporting easterly winds at 7 knots), they should reach the advanced line
of position and, ideally, Howland Island in about an hour. At this point
the lack of response on the radio is disturbing, but if they can see Howland
when they reach the advanced LOP it won’t matter.
|
Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 07:42 a.m. July 2, 1937 |
KHAQQ CLNG ITASCA WE MUST ON ON YOU BUT CANNOT SEE U BUT GAS IS RUNNING
LOW BEEN UNABLE TO REACH YOU BY RADIO WE ARE FLYING AT A 1000 FEET 42 |
Aboard Itasca: The situation is growing more tense. It is
clear that Earhart has not heard Itasca’s transmissions although
they are now receiving her at maximum strength (S5) indicating that she is
within at least one hundred miles and possibly much closer. A second, less
detailed, radio log kept by the ship records this message as “EARHART ON
NW SEZ RUNNING OUT OF GAS ONLY HALF HOUR LEFT CANT HEAR US AT ALL.” Lt. Cooper’s
report and the ship’s Deck Log, however, both agree with the primary
radio log that the phrase is GAS IS RUNNING LOW. Cmdr. Thompson knows that
the flight should have enough fuel to stay aloft until noon.
Aboard NR16020: The time is 19:12 and Howland has not appeared as
hoped. Earhart has dropped down to 1,000 feet so as to get under the
scattered deck of clouds. She and Noonan believe they are very close to their
destination but really need to know which way to turn on the line to find
Howland. With 188 gals. remaining, enough for just 4.95 more hours, they
are now burning their reserve. Gas is running low. There is, however, a contingency
plan that will guarantee landfall before the fuel is exhausted. By turning
right (157°) and running down the advanced line of position, one of four
islands is bound to appear. If they are now too far north they will come
to Howland. If they are already south of Howland then Baker, Mckean, or Gardner
Island will eventually appear, provided they begin running southeast on the
line when they have roughly three and a half hours of fuel remaining. Their
situation at this point is serious but not desperate.
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Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 07:58 a.m. July 2, 1937 |
KHAQQ CLNG ITASCA WE ARE CIRCLING BUT CANNOT HR U GA ON 7500 WID A LNG
COUNT EITHER NOW OR ON THE SKD TIME ON 1/2 HOUR (KHAQQ S5 A3) 0758 |
Aboard Itasca: Apparently Earhart’s transmissions are
coming in so loud that the speakers are distorting her words. At first the
operator thinks he hears “WE ARE DRIFTING BUT CANNOT HEAR YOU” but that
can’t be right so he goes back, partially erases DRIFTING and types
in CIRCLING, which seems more reasonable to him. There is also confusion
about how much fuel she has left. If Earhart is really expecting to run
out of gas at 08:12 (HALF HOUR LEFT at 07:42) why is she asking Itasca
to “GO AHEAD ON 7500 KILOCYCLES WITH A LONG COUNT EITHER NOW OR ON THE
SCHEDULED TIME ON THE HALF HOUR” by which time she will already be in the
water?
Aboard NR16020: The time is 19:28 and the situation is now serious
enough that Earhart, for the first time, departs from her regular transmission
schedule. She probably says, “WE ARE LISTENING BUT CANNOT HEAR YOU” then
asks for a long count on 7500 either now or in two minutes. Having failed
in repeated attempts to get the ship to take a bearing on her, she will
try to use her direction finder to take a bearing on the ship.
|
Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 08:00-03 a.m. July 2, 1937 |
KHAQQ CLNG ITASCA WE RECD WE UR SIGS BUT UNABLE TO GET A MINIMUM PSE
TAKE BEARING ON US AND ANS 3105 WID VOICE / NRUI DE KHAQQ LNG DASHES
ON 3105 -/ NRUI2 DE NRUI P AR 0800-3 |
Aboard Itasca: The ship can not give Earhart a “long count”
on 7500 Kilocycles because its transmitter is incapable of sending voice
on that frequency, but it does repeat the letter A in morse code (dit dah,
dit dah, dit dah), the prearranged signal for homing transmissions from Itasca.
Earhart reports hearing the signal but is “unable to get minimum” and
again asks Itasca to take a bearing on her. She sends long dashes on 3105.
Aboard NR16020: The time is 19:30. Earhart switches to her loop antenna
and, for the first time, hears radio signals. It is not the human voice
she hoped to hear but at least the repeated letter A indicates that Itasca has heard her. Turning the loop antenna mounted over her head, she attempts
to get the signal to fade away (“get a minimum”) which will enable
her to take a bearing, but her direction finder can not respond to such
a high frequency. She reverts to her previous attempts to get them to take
a bearing on her.
|
Itasca Primary Radio Log entry for 08:43 a.m. July 2, 1937 |
KHAQQ TO ITASCA WE ARE ON THE LINE 157 337 WE WL REPT
MSG WE WL REPT N ES S
THIS ON 6210KCS WAIT, 3105/A3 S5 (?/KHAQQ XMISION WE ARE RUNNING ON43 LINE 43 |
Aboard Itasca: Nothing has been heard from Earhart for nearly
three quarters of an hour during which Itasca has been trying to reach
her almost constantly. The HALF HOUR GAS LEFT deadline is long since past
when suddenly Earhart is back, very loud. The operator, apparently caught
off guard, has already logged in other traffic at 08:44 and 08:45 which he
strikes over and alters to 08:42 and 08:43 so that the new Earhart message
will appear in sequence. She reports that she is on the line 157/337 and
will repeat the message on her other frequency, 6210 Kilocycles. Then she
says, “wait.” The operator has just typed in the end notations 3105 (the
frequency), A3 (voice), S5 (Strength 5) when, quite unexpectedly, Earhart
says something about running on the line. The resulting log entry is so jumbled
as to be impossible to reliably decipher, but has been tradtionally represented
as “We are running north and south.” Whatever the words were, they were the
last Itasca would
hear from Earhart.
Aboard NR16020: The time is 20:13 and, in spite of everything, Earhart
is still sticking very close to her radio schedule. She may also have made
her scheduled 19:45 (08:15 local time) transmission to Itasca but
it wasn’t heard because, as the log shows, Itasca was trying
to call her at just that time. For the past hour she and Noonan have been
running back and forth on and near the line of position hoping to spot
the island. Noonan can, of course, take additional sun shots but it will
be another two hours or so before the sun will have changed enough to give
him a reliable “cut” across
his original 337/157 line. There are now 150 gals, just under 4 hours,
of fuel remaining aboard the aircraft. They will soon have no choice but
to begin running southeast on the line of position. Due to the skip characteristics
of 6210 Kilocycles, Earhart’s decision to switch to that frequency
effectively shuts off any further reception by Itasca.
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Conclusion: The
Coast Guard’s official position that the Earhart flight ran out
of fuel and crashed at sea shortly after the final transmission heard
by the Itasca is
not supported by the facts. |