Norwich City Survivors' Shelter - Revision history

Rickerjones: /* What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members? */

2012-06-17T02:33:22Z

What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members?

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:33, 17 June 2012
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	==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==		==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==
	Following the sinking of the ''Titanic'' in 1912, an international convention called “Safety of Life at Sea" (SOLAS) was convened to develop uniform standards for ship construction and safety equipment used on ships carrying 12 or more passengers. SOLAS was implemented through the Board of Trade in the U.K., and though it originally did not apply to freighters, it influenced their safety equipment and lifeboat requirements. ''Norwich City'' carried two lifeboats and two ship’s boats (ship’s boats were used for utility and harbor work). The lifeboats were on either side, aft of the funnel; the ship’s boats were forward on either side of the bridge.		Following the sinking of the ''Titanic'' in 1912, an international convention called “Safety of Life at Sea" (SOLAS) was convened to develop uniform standards for ship construction and safety equipment used on ships carrying 12 or more passengers. SOLAS was implemented through the Board of Trade in the U.K., and though it originally did not apply to freighters, it influenced their safety equipment and lifeboat requirements. ''Norwich City'' carried two lifeboats and two ship’s boats (ship’s boats were used for utility and harbor work). The lifeboats were on either side, aft of the funnel; the ship’s boats were forward on either side of the bridge.


	Article XL of SOLAS 1914, [http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=11806&filename=SafetyofLifeatSeaConvention1914.pdf] in effect at the time of the ''Norwich City'' grounding, mandated certain lifeboat equipment for passenger vessels and served as a model for other classes of vessels. SOLAS 1914 designated equipment included:		Article XL of SOLAS 1914, [http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=11806&filename=SafetyofLifeatSeaConvention1914.pdf] in effect at the time of the ''Norwich City'' grounding, mandated certain lifeboat equipment for passenger vessels and served as a model for other classes of vessels. SOLAS 1914 designated equipment included:

Rickerjones: /* What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members? */

2012-06-16T20:02:04Z

What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members?

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 16 June 2012
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	Article XL of SOLAS 1914, [http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=11806&filename=SafetyofLifeatSeaConvention1914.pdf] in effect at the time of the Norwich City grounding, mandated certain lifeboat equipment for passenger vessels and served as a model for other classes of vessels. SOLAS 1914 designated equipment included:		Article XL of SOLAS 1914, [http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=11806&filename=SafetyofLifeatSeaConvention1914.pdf] in effect at the time of the ''Norwich City'' grounding, mandated certain lifeboat equipment for passenger vessels and served as a model for other classes of vessels. SOLAS 1914 designated equipment included:
	* Compliment of oars (two spare), crutches, boathook		* Compliment of oars (two spare), crutches, boathook
	* Two plugs for each plug hole, bailer, galvanized iron bucket		* Two plugs for each plug hole, bailer, galvanized iron bucket

Rickerjones: /* Where was the survivors’ shelter located? */

2012-06-16T19:57:50Z

Where was the survivors’ shelter located?

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:57, 16 June 2012
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	Nutiran, then, was the site where the survivors rested “in the shelter of the trees” following their reaching the shore, and that night their first campsite was “100 yards into the woods”, with rain leaking through the canvas sails, and third, the final shelter on Nutiran was built on Sunday,“a nicer day”, with all the provisions and equipment moved to this location. This last shelter was used until rescuers arrived Tuesday morning.		Nutiran, then, was the site where the survivors rested “in the shelter of the trees” following their reaching the shore, and that night their first campsite was “100 yards into the woods”, with rain leaking through the canvas sails, and third, the final shelter on Nutiran was built on Sunday,“a nicer day”, with all the provisions and equipment moved to this location. This last shelter was used until rescuers arrived Tuesday morning.
			[[Image:Norwich City Lifeboat 1938 (Wigram AFB Archives)).jpg\|400px\|thumb\|left\|<div align=center>Both Norwich City lifeboats washed ashore on Gardner. They were likely 26' in length and weighed 1800 pounds fully equipped. The bottom was cut out of one to free crewmen trapped under the capsized boat. This boat near the survivors’ camp was photographed in 1938 by the New Zealand Pacific Aviation Survey Expedition. (Courtesy , Wigram Air Force Base Archives, RNZAF) </div>]]
	It is likely that the location of this final “reorganized” shelter was near the previous shelter. Wind and surf conditions that carried the survivors and equipment across the reef to the beach would have put them somewhat south of the ship, as the winds and seas were out of the west northwest, perhaps even northwest (the port side of the ship was described as the “weather side”). This would be consistent with the data used for the wind diagram on the New Zealand Pacific Aviation Survey Contour Map. [http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/New_Zealand_Survey_Report/imageslist.html]		It is likely that the location of this final “reorganized” shelter was near the previous shelter. Wind and surf conditions that carried the survivors and equipment across the reef to the beach would have put them somewhat south of the ship, as the winds and seas were out of the west northwest, perhaps even northwest (the port side of the ship was described as the “weather side”). This would be consistent with the data used for the wind diagram on the New Zealand Pacific Aviation Survey Contour Map. [http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/New_Zealand_Survey_Report/imageslist.html]
	Following the descriptions in the testimony, it is estimated the position of the survivors’ shelter may have been within a 150 yard radius some 200 yards south of ''Norwich City'' and 100 yards inland from the beach.		Following the descriptions in the testimony, it is estimated the position of the survivors’ shelter may have been within a 150 yard radius some 200 yards south of ''Norwich City'' and 100 yards inland from the beach.

	[[Image:Norwich City Lifeboat 1938 (Wigram AFB Archives)).jpg\|300px\|thumb\|left\|<div align=center>Both Norwich City lifeboats washed ashore on Gardner. They were likely 26' in length and weighed 1800 pounds fully equipped. The bottom was cut out of one to free crewmen trapped under the capsized boat. This boat near the survivors’ camp was photographed in 1938 by the New Zealand Pacific Aviation Survey Expedition. (Courtesy , Wigram Air Force Base Archives, RNZAF) </div>]]

	==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==		==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==

Rickerjones: /* What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members? */

2012-06-16T19:53:15Z

What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members?

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:53, 16 June 2012
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	==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==		==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==
	Following the sinking of the ''Titanic'' in 1912, an international convention called “Safety of Life at Sea" (SOLAS) was convened to develop uniform standards for ship construction and safety equipment used on ships carrying 12 or more passengers. SOLAS was implemented through the Board of Trade in the U.K., and though it originally did not apply to freighters, it influenced their safety equipment and lifeboat requirements. ''Norwich City'' carried two lifeboats and two ship’s boats (ship’s boats were used for utility and harbor work). The lifeboats were on either side, aft of the funnel; the ship’s boats were forward on either side of the bridge. Article XL of SOLAS 1914, [http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=11806&filename=SafetyofLifeatSeaConvention1914.pdf] in effect at the time of the Norwich City grounding, mandated certain lifeboat equipment for passenger vessels and served as a model for other classes of vessels. SOLAS 1914 designated equipment included:		Following the sinking of the ''Titanic'' in 1912, an international convention called “Safety of Life at Sea" (SOLAS) was convened to develop uniform standards for ship construction and safety equipment used on ships carrying 12 or more passengers. SOLAS was implemented through the Board of Trade in the U.K., and though it originally did not apply to freighters, it influenced their safety equipment and lifeboat requirements. ''Norwich City'' carried two lifeboats and two ship’s boats (ship’s boats were used for utility and harbor work). The lifeboats were on either side, aft of the funnel; the ship’s boats were forward on either side of the bridge.


			Article XL of SOLAS 1914, [http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=11806&filename=SafetyofLifeatSeaConvention1914.pdf] in effect at the time of the Norwich City grounding, mandated certain lifeboat equipment for passenger vessels and served as a model for other classes of vessels. SOLAS 1914 designated equipment included:
	* Compliment of oars (two spare), crutches, boathook		* Compliment of oars (two spare), crutches, boathook
	* Two plugs for each plug hole, bailer, galvanized iron bucket		* Two plugs for each plug hole, bailer, galvanized iron bucket

Rickerjones: /* What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members? */

2012-06-16T19:49:57Z

What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members?

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:49, 16 June 2012
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	==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==		==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==
	Following the sinking of the ''Titanic'' in 1912, an international convention called “Safety of Life at Sea" (SOLAS) was convened to develop uniform standards for ship construction and safety equipment used on ships carrying 12 or more passengers. SOLAS was implemented through the Board of Trade in the U.K., and though it originally did not apply to freighters, it influenced their safety equipment and lifeboat requirements. ''Norwich City'' carried two lifeboats and two ship’s boats (ship’s boats were used for utility and harbor work). The lifeboats were on either side, aft of the funnel; the ship’s boats were forward on either side of the bridge. Article XL of SOLAS 1914, in effect at the time of the Norwich City grounding, mandated certain lifeboat equipment for passenger vessels and served as a model for other classes of vessels. SOLAS 1914 ~~[http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=11806&filename=SafetyofLifeatSeaConvention1914.pdf]~~ designated equipment included:		Following the sinking of the ''Titanic'' in 1912, an international convention called “Safety of Life at Sea" (SOLAS) was convened to develop uniform standards for ship construction and safety equipment used on ships carrying 12 or more passengers. SOLAS was implemented through the Board of Trade in the U.K., and though it originally did not apply to freighters, it influenced their safety equipment and lifeboat requirements. ''Norwich City'' carried two lifeboats and two ship’s boats (ship’s boats were used for utility and harbor work). The lifeboats were on either side, aft of the funnel; the ship’s boats were forward on either side of the bridge. Article XL of SOLAS 1914, [http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=11806&filename=SafetyofLifeatSeaConvention1914.pdf] in effect at the time of the Norwich City grounding, mandated certain lifeboat equipment for passenger vessels and served as a model for other classes of vessels. SOLAS 1914 designated equipment included:
	* Compliment of oars (two spare), crutches, boathook		* Compliment of oars (two spare), crutches, boathook
	* Two plugs for each plug hole, bailer, galvanized iron bucket		* Two plugs for each plug hole, bailer, galvanized iron bucket
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	* Watertight vessel containing one liter of water per person		* Watertight vessel containing one liter of water per person
	* Number of self igniting red lights and a waterproof box of matches		* Number of self igniting red lights and a waterproof box of matches
	Captains could also provision lifeboats with additional ~~provisions~~ including fresh water, food and milk.		Captains could also provision lifeboats with additional rations including fresh water, food and milk.

	Lifeboats were constructed with buoyancy tanks whose volume was based on a formula for the size of the boat. Buoyancy tanks were shaped to fit along the inside of the hull on each side of the lifeboat, under the thwarts, and at both ends of the boat. Originally fabricated from copper or zinc, they were later made from yellow metals (bronze or brass). When ''Norwich City'' survivors cut the bottom out of the overturned lifeboat to free four trapped men, it allowed the tanks to easily be removed and used for water or provision storage.<ref>Stilgoe, John R. ''Lifeboat''. University of Virginia Press: 2003</ref>		Lifeboats were constructed with buoyancy tanks whose volume was based on a formula for the size of the boat. Buoyancy tanks were shaped to fit along the inside of the hull on each side of the lifeboat, under the thwarts, and at both ends of the boat. Originally fabricated from copper or zinc, they were later made from yellow metals (bronze or brass). When ''Norwich City'' survivors cut the bottom out of the overturned lifeboat to free four trapped men, it allowed the tanks to easily be removed and used for water or provision storage.<ref>Stilgoe, John R. ''Lifeboat''. University of Virginia Press: 2003</ref>

Rickerjones: /* What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members? */

2012-06-16T19:41:22Z

What equipment and provisions were available to the Norwich City surviving crew members?

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 ==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==
-The Board of Trade regulated merchant vessels and mandated the specifications and provisions for lifeboats carried on board.  ''Norwich City'' carried two lifeboats and two ship’s boats (ship’s boats were used for utility and harbor work).  The lifeboats were on either side, aft of the funnel; the ship’s boats were forward on either side of the bridge.
+Following the sinking of the ''Titanic'' in 1912, an international convention called “Safety of Life at Sea" (SOLAS) was convened to develop uniform standards for ship construction and safety equipment used on ships carrying 12 or more passengers.  SOLAS was implemented through the Board of Trade in the U.K., and though it originally did not apply to freighters, it influenced their safety equipment and lifeboat requirements.  ''Norwich City'' carried two lifeboats and two ship’s boats (ship’s boats were used for utility and harbor work).  The lifeboats were on either side, aft of the funnel; the ship’s boats were forward on either side of the bridge.  Article XL of SOLAS 1914, in effect at the time of the Norwich City grounding, mandated certain lifeboat equipment for passenger vessels and served as a model for other classes of vessels.  SOLAS 1914 [http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=11806&filename=SafetyofLifeatSeaConvention1914.pdf] designated equipment included:
-Certification of lifeboatmen was required by the Board of Trade, to include knowledge of equipment, its use, and its location aboard the lifeboats.  John R. Stilgoe's ''Lifeboat'',discusses C.W.T. Layton’s training guide<ref>Layton,C.W.T.'' Ship’s Lifeboats: A Handbook for the Board of Trade Examination for Certificates in Lifeboat Efficiency''.  Glasgow: Brown, 1938</ref> for the certification and provided a mnemonic to help seamen remember the list of lifeboat equipment on board:   “PA SAW SOME BREAD MILK AND WATER BECOME PORK BALLS”   for “painter, ax, sea anchor, warp, sails, oars, mast, and sailing gear (E for etc.), bread, milk, and water, bucket and bailer (BE), compass (COMe), plugs, oil bag and oil, rudder and tiller, boathook (K), box of matches, ax, lamps, lights (red), and a set and half of crutches (oarlocks). Layton warned students that the Board of Examiners would ask the location of these required items in the lifeboat.  Captains could also provision lifeboats with added supplies such as additional fresh water, food and milk.
+Lifeboats were constructed with buoyancy tanks whose volume was based on a formula for the size of the boat. Buoyancy tanks were shaped to fit along the inside of the hull on each side of the lifeboat, under the thwarts, and at both ends of the boat.   Originally fabricated from copper or zinc, they were later made from yellow metals (bronze or brass).  When ''Norwich City'' survivors cut the bottom out of the overturned lifeboat to free four trapped men, it allowed the tanks to easily be removed and used for water or provision storage.<ref>Stilgoe, John R. ''Lifeboat''. University of Virginia Press: 2003</ref>
 Tuesday morning ''Trongate'' and ''Lincoln Ellsworth'' arrived and stood off the island near the stranded vessel. ''Tongate''’s surfboat, manned by native islanders, came ashore bringing additional provisions.  Second Officer Lott testified: “We took the stores and water from the surf boat and went to the camp.” [http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Norwich_City/NorwichCity.html#2] Food stores included in provisions at the shelter are described by Captain Hamer’s testimony of a meal: “we decided to have lunch. Biscuits, one in number covered with meat, and half a tin of milk. We used twelve tins of water to two of milk; for dessert we had cocoanut.” [http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Norwich_City/NorwichCity3.html#4]

Rickerjones at 18:37, 16 June 2012

2012-06-16T18:37:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:37, 16 June 2012
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	Captain Daniel Hamer, Master of SS ''Norwich City''}}</div>		Captain Daniel Hamer, Master of SS ''Norwich City''}}</div>

	[[SS Norwich City\|''Norwich City'']] ran aground on Gardner Island’s fringing reef (now Nikumaroro) late Friday night, November 29, 1929, thrown off course by a severe storm out of the west. Heavy rains and lightning made radio signals unreliable. Contact with Apia Radio was finally established after three hours--just as a fire in the ship’s engine room and stokehold forced the crew to abandon ship. Both of her lifeboats--about twenty-six feet in length and weighing 1800 pounds each—carried ~~the mandated~~ provisions and equipment stowed on board. But the port boat (on the weather side) was hit by a giant wave, torn from its davits and knocked into the sea, along with Daniel Hamer, the ship’s Master. The remaining crew of 34 men took to the starboard lifeboat. After it was lowered and released from the davit falls, the retreating surf swept the lifeboat under the quarter and capsized it. Eleven of the 34 men were lost. Captain Hamer and the other 23 surviving crew members eventually made their way through the surf and across the reef, reaching shore just before dawn. After both boats washed ashore, the crew mustered the provisions and equipment above the high water line. Subsequently a shelter was established and they were ultimately rescued.		[[SS Norwich City\|''Norwich City'']] ran aground on Gardner Island’s fringing reef (now Nikumaroro) late Friday night, November 29, 1929, thrown off course by a severe storm out of the west. Heavy rains and lightning made radio signals unreliable. Contact with Apia Radio was finally established after three hours--just as a fire in the ship’s engine room and stokehold forced the crew to abandon ship. Both of her lifeboats--about twenty-six feet in length and weighing 1800 pounds each—carried provisions and equipment stowed on board. But the port boat (on the weather side) was hit by a giant wave, torn from its davits and knocked into the sea, along with Daniel Hamer, the ship’s Master. The remaining crew of 34 men took to the starboard lifeboat. After it was lowered and released from the davit falls, the retreating surf swept the lifeboat under the quarter and capsized it. Eleven of the 34 men were lost. Captain Hamer and the other 23 surviving crew members eventually made their way through the surf and across the reef, reaching shore just before dawn. After both boats washed ashore, the crew mustered the provisions and equipment above the high water line. Subsequently a shelter was established and they were ultimately rescued.

	To know if ''Norwich City's'' survivors’ shelter played a role in the saga of the Nikumaroro castaways, answers to these questions would be helpful:		To know if ''Norwich City's'' survivors’ shelter played a role in the saga of the Nikumaroro castaways, answers to these questions would be helpful:

Rickerjones at 18:25, 16 June 2012

2012-06-16T18:25:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, 16 June 2012
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	Captain Daniel Hamer, Master of SS ''Norwich City''}}</div>		Captain Daniel Hamer, Master of SS ''Norwich City''}}</div>

	[[SS Norwich City\|''Norwich City'']] ran aground on Gardner Island’s fringing reef (now Nikumaroro) late Friday night, November 29, 1929, thrown off course by a severe storm out of the west. Heavy rains and lightning made radio signals unreliable. Contact with Apia Radio was finally established after three hours--just as a fire in the ship’s engine room and stokehold forced the crew to abandon ship. Both of her ~~Board of Trade certified~~ lifeboats--about twenty-six feet in length and weighing 1800 pounds each—carried the mandated provisions and equipment stowed on board. But the port boat (on the weather side) was hit by a giant wave, torn from its davits and knocked into the sea, along with Daniel Hamer, the ship’s Master. The remaining crew of 34 men took to the starboard lifeboat. After it was lowered and released from the davit falls, the retreating surf swept the lifeboat under the quarter and capsized it. Eleven of the 34 men were lost. Captain Hamer and the other 23 surviving crew members eventually made their way through the surf and across the reef, reaching shore just before dawn. After both boats washed ashore, the crew mustered the provisions and equipment above the high water line. Subsequently a shelter was established and they were ultimately rescued.		[[SS Norwich City\|''Norwich City'']] ran aground on Gardner Island’s fringing reef (now Nikumaroro) late Friday night, November 29, 1929, thrown off course by a severe storm out of the west. Heavy rains and lightning made radio signals unreliable. Contact with Apia Radio was finally established after three hours--just as a fire in the ship’s engine room and stokehold forced the crew to abandon ship. Both of her lifeboats--about twenty-six feet in length and weighing 1800 pounds each—carried the mandated provisions and equipment stowed on board. But the port boat (on the weather side) was hit by a giant wave, torn from its davits and knocked into the sea, along with Daniel Hamer, the ship’s Master. The remaining crew of 34 men took to the starboard lifeboat. After it was lowered and released from the davit falls, the retreating surf swept the lifeboat under the quarter and capsized it. Eleven of the 34 men were lost. Captain Hamer and the other 23 surviving crew members eventually made their way through the surf and across the reef, reaching shore just before dawn. After both boats washed ashore, the crew mustered the provisions and equipment above the high water line. Subsequently a shelter was established and they were ultimately rescued.

	To know if ''Norwich City's'' survivors’ shelter played a role in the saga of the Nikumaroro castaways, answers to these questions would be helpful:		To know if ''Norwich City's'' survivors’ shelter played a role in the saga of the Nikumaroro castaways, answers to these questions would be helpful:

Rickerjones: /* Where was the survivors’ shelter located? */

2011-11-27T22:34:46Z

Where was the survivors’ shelter located?

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:34, 27 November 2011
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	Following the descriptions in the testimony, it is estimated the position of the survivors’ shelter may have been within a 150 yard radius some 200 yards south of ''Norwich City'' and 100 yards inland from the beach.		Following the descriptions in the testimony, it is estimated the position of the survivors’ shelter may have been within a 150 yard radius some 200 yards south of ''Norwich City'' and 100 yards inland from the beach.

	[[Image:Norwich City Lifeboat 1938 (Wigram AFB Archives)).jpg\|~~250px~~\|thumb\|left\|<div align=center>Both ''Norwich City'' lifeboats washed ashore on Gardner. The bottom was cut out of one to free crewmen trapped under the capsized boat. This boat near the survivors’ camp was photographed in 1938 by the New Zealand Pacific Aviation Survey Expedition. (Courtesy , Wigram Air Force Base Archives, RNZAF)</div>]]		[[Image:Norwich City Lifeboat 1938 (Wigram AFB Archives)).jpg\|300px\|thumb\|left\|<div align=center>Both Norwich City lifeboats washed ashore on Gardner. They were likely 26' in length and weighed 1800 pounds fully equipped. The bottom was cut out of one to free crewmen trapped under the capsized boat. This boat near the survivors’ camp was photographed in 1938 by the New Zealand Pacific Aviation Survey Expedition. (Courtesy , Wigram Air Force Base Archives, RNZAF) </div>]]

	==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==		==What equipment and provisions were available to the ''Norwich City'' surviving crew members?==

Thomas: italicize ship's name

2011-02-23T02:58:23Z

italicize ship's name

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:58, 23 February 2011
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	<references/>		<references/>
	==Links:==		==Links:==
	[http://tighar.org/wiki/SS_Norwich_City SS Norwich City]		[http://tighar.org/wiki/SS_Norwich_City SS ''Norwich City'']

	[[Category:Nikumaroro\|Norwich]]		[[Category:Nikumaroro\|Norwich]]
	[[Category:Maps\|Norwich]]		[[Category:Maps\|Norwich]]
	[[Category:Archaeology of Nikumaroro]]		[[Category:Archaeology of Nikumaroro]]