https://tighar.org/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=McKennaAmeliapedia - User contributions [en]2026-04-07T18:42:02ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.41.1https://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Sextant_box_found_on_Nikumaroro&diff=5614Sextant box found on Nikumaroro2010-07-17T05:18:00Z<p>McKenna: /* Sextant Box Numbers: Suggestive Patterns */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Pensfront.jpg|thumb|right|Pensacola sextant, top view (3547/173).]]<br />
[[Image:Pensbottom.jpg|thumb|right|Loaned by Fred Noonan to a student.]]<br />
When Gallagher did a thorough search of the area near where the skull was found, he discovered an empty sextant box with two numbers on it--3500 and 1452. The British saw no significance in the numbers; in 2009, TIGHAR found an intriguing pattern of dual numbers (maker's number and U.S. Naval Observatory numbers assigned when the instruments were calibrated there). <br />
<br />
== Notes from the [[bones file]] ==<br />
;Telegram No. 71 from Gallagher to Jack Barley, Resident Commissioner, Ocean Island, Sept. 23, 1940<br />
:Sextant box has two numbers on it 3500 ( stencilled ) and 1542– sextant being old fashioned and probably painted over with black enamel.[http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Bones_Chronology.html]<br />
<br />
;Typed note in file 4439-40 (23) from Vaskess to Sir Harry, April 11, 1941<br />
:The sextant box with its contents is now with me. Perhaps [[Captain Nasmyth]] might be willing to examine this with a view to ascertaining the origin? <br />
<br />
; Letter – circled 14. Vaskess to Commander G.B. Nasmyth, F.R. Met. Soc., Suva. June 6, 1941.<br />
:Dear Commander Nasmyth,<br />
:With reference to our telephone conversation relative to the identification of a sextant and box which I mentioned as having been found and which you were so good as to say you would examine, I regret to state that on further examination it was discovered that no sextant had actually been found but only a box thought to have contained a sextant.<br />
:I am forwarding the box to you with this letter and His Excellency would be grateful if you would examine it with a view to determining its use and origin if possible.<br />
::Sincerely,<br />
:::Secretary to the High Commission <br />
<br />
;Typed note to file 4439-40 in red ink (39). [[Sir Harry]] to [[Vaskess]]. August 8, 1941.<br />
:Sec., H.C.,<br />
:I return the sextant box which I had retrieved from [[Captain Nasmyth]] in order to show it to [[Harold Gatty| Mr. Gatty]] who has expert knowledge of such matters. Mr. Gatty thinks that the box is an English one of some age and judges that it was used latterly merely as a receptacle. He does not consider that it could in any circumstance have been a sextant box used in modern trans-Pacific aviation. 2. What was Captain Nasmyth's opinion of it? <br />
<br />
;Note to file 4439-40 (40). [[MacDonald]] to [[Vaskess]] (passed along to [[Sir Harry]])<br />
:The Secretary<br />
:Mnt (39), para. 2, I have spoken to Captain Nasmyth who replied as follows:- "As the sextant box has no distinguishing marks, & since it was discovered that no sextant had been found, all I have been able to find out is that the make of the box – that is – the dovetailing of the corners – makes it appear to be of French origin."<br />
<br />
=== Dovetailed sextant boxes ===<br />
"Dovetail joints for the corners had by the 1920s given way to comb (finger) joints, but as some later American aircraft cases used corner rebates, which are much easier to make without special machinery."<ref>[http://sextantbook.com/category/aircraft-bubble-sextants/ "Update on Byrd Aircraft Sextant."]</ref><br />
<br />
== Tofiga's recollection ==<br />
[[Tofiga]] said he had seen a sextant box on Vaskess' credenza. Tofiga was not taken into the confidences of the [[WPHC]] officers who examined the [[bones file| materials sent to Fiji from Gardner Island]], but it seems very likely that the box he saw was the one [[Gallagher]] sent to Suva.<br />
<br />
== What might 3500 and 1542 mean? ==<br />
[[File:Numbers09.jpg|thumb|200px| Brandis #3987; N.O. #1584]]<br />
[[File:Numbers07.jpg|thumb|200px]]<br />
[[File:Numbers08.jpg|thumb|200px|]]<br />
The sextant box found on Nikumaroro and shipped to Fiji in 1941 had two numbers on it: 3500 and 1542.[http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Bones_Chronology.html] TIGHAR has recently found a plausible explanation for those two numbers. The first is likely to be the maker's number; the second a number inscribed on the instrument when it was calibrated at the U.S. Naval Observatory.<br />
<br />
Fred Noonan [http://www.tighar.org/TTracks/14_1/The_Noonan_Project.html loaned a naval sextant to a student of his prior to the fatal flight]. That sextant box is extant and also has two numbers handwritten on the bottom of it: 3547 and 173. But the sextant inside the box is a Ludolph with a different serial number.<br />
<br />
== The Pensacola Sextant Box (3547 and 173) ==<br />
The [http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/ National Museum of Naval Aviation] has a sextant box with "dovetailed corners, the number 116 handwritten on the front, and the numbers 3547 and 173 handwritten on the bottom." The box contains "a sextant manufactured by W. Ludolph of Bremerhaven, Germany, in 1919, with the serial number XIX 1090, painted black."<ref>[[Shoes]] p. 232.</ref> The box was donated by W. A. Cluthe, a retired Pan Am captain, who said that he had borrowed the Ludolph sextant from Fred Noonan.<ref>[[Shoes|Ibid.]] p. 233.</ref> The box is listed in the table below as ''Brandis (theoretical)'' because the box contains modifications that may have been made to accommodate a Brandis bubble sextant.<br />
<br />
== Sextant Box Numbers: Suggestive Patterns ==<br />
<br />
This chart is organized in the order of the Navy number given to the instruments by the Naval Observatory when they were sent there for calibration. Two entries are theoretical; the rest are actual pairs of numbers obtained from various sources. Two of the boxes in TIGHAR's possession have Naval Observatory numbers stamped on the box along with Brandis maker's numbers stenciled on the box.<br />
<br />
In the engraving on the sextants, there is a symbol for the Naval Observatory between "U.S. Navy" and the number issued by the Naval Observatory. The symbol is an "N" superimposed on a square "O". The symbol is relatively clear in [[:File:2975engrave.jpg|this photograph.]]<br />
<br />
<div align="center"><br />
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5"<br />
|+ ''Click on the sort symbol [[Image:Sort none.gif]] next to or under the headings to sort on the values in that column.''<br />
|-<br />
! Maker<br />
! Maker No.<br />
! Navy No.<br />
! Inspection date<br />
! Comments<br />
! Bubble<br />
! N.O. # on box<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> W&S (stamped into box and on plate) Warner & Swasey<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 69<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 34<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> Flying Fish Trading Co.<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> ? <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|- style="background:#efefef;"<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> ''Brandis (theoretical'') <br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> ''3547''<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> ''173''<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> ''Pensacola''<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> ? <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> K&E<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 18446<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 405<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> Smithsonian<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> yes <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> K&E (in W&S box)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 4940<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 415<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1936-01-29<br />
|<!-- Comments --> Flying Fish Trading Co.<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> K&E<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 5418<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 575<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1918-04-16<br />
|<!-- Comments --> Mystic Seaport<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 3227<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 845<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> Mariner's Museum<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Buff & Buff<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 11778<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 1065<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1918-05-12<br />
|<!-- Comments --> eBay<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> B&B<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 11949<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 1144<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> eBay<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|- style="background:#efefef;"<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> '''''Brandis (theoretical''''')<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> '''''3500'''''<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> '''''1542'''''<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> '''''Niku'''''<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> ? <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --> maybe<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> K&E<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 37548<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 1555<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1919-10-24<br />
|<!-- Comments --> Mariner's Museum<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (box only)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. -->3483<br />
|<!-- Navy No. -->1567<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date -->1932-01-27<br />
|<!-- Comments -->no<br />
|<!-- Bubble -->ebay<br />
|-<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 3987<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 1584<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1938-11-30<br />
|<!-- Comments --> TIGHAR<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --> yes<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (sextant only)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 3511<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 1585<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> TIGHAR (sextant only)<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (box only) large box<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 3527<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 1599<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1933-05-04<br />
|<!-- Comments --> TIGHAR (box only)<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> yes <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 4297<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 1880<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1939-09-18<br />
|<!-- Comments --> TIGHAR - McKenna<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --> yes<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. -->4319<br />
|<!-- Navy No. -->1960<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --><br />
|<!-- Comments -->ebay<br />
|<!-- Bubble -->no<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box -->(in box for 3483/1567)<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (no box)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 4180<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 2859<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> eBay<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (box is for 4234)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 4279<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 2531<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1941-07-23<br />
|<!-- Comments --> Flying Fish Trading Co.<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 4946<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 2785<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> TIGHAR<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 5620<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 2939<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1919<br />
|<!-- Comments --> Smithsonian<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 5292<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 2975<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1919-03-26<br />
|<!-- Comments --> Russ Dickey<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> yes <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 5296<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 2977<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1919-03-16<br />
|<!-- Comments --> Smithsonian<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> yes <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. -->5109<br />
|<!-- Navy No. -->4067<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --><br />
|<!-- Comments -->eBay<br />
|<!-- Bubble -->no<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. -->5375<br />
|<!-- Navy No. -->4125<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --><br />
|<!-- Comments -->[http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/u-s-navy-sextant-brandis-sons-n-y-1936-in-orig ebay]<br />
|<!-- Bubble -->yes<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. -->4487<br />
|<!-- Navy No. -->4220<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --><br />
|<!-- Comments -->ebay<br />
|<!-- Bubble -->no<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box -->Box for 4037.<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 4762<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 4334<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> eBay<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> ?<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 3826<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 4603<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> eBay<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --> Brass plaque on box: "248 US Navy 101009"<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis?<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 4313<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 4665<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> Bruce Thomas, TIGHAR to be.<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> ??<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --> No box. In display case.<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 5760<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 4705<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> Smithsonian<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (no box)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 3336<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 4773<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> eBay (no box)<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> David White (1943)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 11949<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 5508<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> eBay<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> David White (1943)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 17649<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> 17649-43<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> 1946-07-19<br />
|<!-- Comments --> eBay<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> no <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> David White (1941)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --><br />
|<!-- Navy No. -->5273<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --><br />
|<!-- Comments -->USNO Historical Committee Inv<br />
|<!-- Bubble --><br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
! No Navy numbers or not known<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> <br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> <br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> <br />
|<!-- Bubble --> <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (plate on box containing 4762)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 1844<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> ?<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> eBay<br />
|<!-- Bubble --> <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 3193<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> none<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> <br />
|<!-- Bubble --> Smithsonian<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --> yes<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (stencil on box for 4487)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 4037<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> ?<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> <br />
|<!-- Bubble --> eBay<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (stencil on box)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 4234<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> ?<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> <br />
|<!-- Bubble --> <br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|<!-- Maker --> Brandis (stencil on box for 3987)<br />
|<!-- Maker No. --> 5360<br />
|<!-- Navy No. --> ?<br />
|<!-- Inspection Date --> <br />
|<!-- Comments --> <br />
|<!-- Bubble --> eBay<br />
|<!-- N.O. # on box --><br />
|}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
=== Looking for patterns in the data ===<br />
There seems to be some correlation between the dates of calibration by the Naval Observatory and the number given to the sextant by the Observatory.<br />
<br />
The numbers issued in 1919 seem to be in ascending order by date, but they are out of sequence compared to the rest of the table.<br />
<br />
With the 1919 numbers removed, the rest of the numbers are in ascending order by date. Two of those sextants (2977 and 2975) are bubble mods for the Navy transatlantic flight in May of that year.<br />
<br />
{|class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5"<br />
|+ ''Ordered by N.O. number; anomalous rows marked in grey.''<br />
|-<br />
! Maker<br />
! Maker No.<br />
! Navy No.<br />
! Inspection date<br />
|-style="background:#efefef;"<br />
|K&E (in W&S box)<br />
|4940<br />
|415<br />
|1936-01-29<br />
|-<br />
| K&E<br />
| 5418<br />
| 575<br />
| 1918-04-16<br />
|-<br />
| Buff & Buff<br />
|11778<br />
|1065<br />
|1918-05-12<br />
|-style="background:#efefef;"<br />
| Brandis<br />
|5620<br />
|2939<br />
|1919<br />
|-style="background:#efefef;"<br />
| Brandis<br />
|5296<br />
|2977<br />
|1919-03-16<br />
|-style="background:#efefef;"<br />
| Brandis<br />
|5292<br />
|2975<br />
|1919-03-26<br />
|-<br />
| K&E<br />
|37548<br />
|1555<br />
|1919-10-24<br />
|-<br />
| Brandis (box only) large box<br />
|3527<br />
|1599<br />
|1933-05-04<br />
|-<br />
| Brandis<br />
|3987<br />
|1584<br />
|1938-11-30<br />
|-<br />
| Brandis<br />
|4297<br />
|1880<br />
|1939-09-18<br />
|-<br />
| Brandis (box is for 4234)<br />
|4279<br />
|2531<br />
|1941-07-23<br />
|-<br />
| David White (1943)<br />
|17649<br />
|17649-43<br />
|1946-07-19<br />
|-<br />
| Brandis (box only)<br />
|3483<br />
|1567<br />
|1932-01-27<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Discussion ===<br />
; [[Ric Gillespie]]<br />
:If we throw out the 1919 numbers as an anomaly, along with K&E #4940, we can say that the assignment of N.O. number 1542 (on the Niku box) might have occurred circa 1930/31 and that the instrument was still in the Navy inventory at that time. Noonan went to work for Pan Am in 1930. Pan Am acquired the landing rights to Honolulu, Midway, Wake and Guam in 1934 and began assembling its Pacific Division with Noonan as the lead navigator.<br />
<br />
:In other words, Noonan's acquisition of Brandis 3500/N.O. 1542 as surplus sometime between 1934 and 1936 seems possible.<br />
<br />
; [[Art Rypinski]]<br />
:Keep in mind that Brandis made thousands of sextants during the period 1918-1920 or so, which left the peacetime Navy with far more sextants than they could ever use. The Naval Observatory Annual Reports for the period describe surplusing of large number of instruments. According to the Smithsonian, Brandis was acquired by the Pioneer Instrument Co. in 1922, and "the manufacture of Brandis instruments ceased in 1932." I think it would be reasonable to believe that almost all of the Brandis sextants in circulation were actually manufactured in 1918-1920, and that none were manufactured after 1932. Further, the Naval Observatory appears to have changed its numbering plan (at least for aviation octants) in the late 1920s, and begin issuing NO numbers with the form XXXX-YY, where YY was the year of original calibration. Therefore, I believe that all of the post-1930 calibration dates are recalibrations of sextants that were originally calibrated and issued their NO numbers in 1918-1920. Hence, I hypothesize that neither the maker’s number nor the NO number of sextants calibrated after 1930 has any relationship with the calibration date.<br />
<br />
:#3500/NO 1542 could have been surplused and put into private hands at any point after 1920. If 3500/1542 was a Byrd Sextant, however, I speculate that it would have been relatively rare and would have been kept in service until aviation octants became relatively plentiful--say, early 1930s?<br />
<br />
== Photo Gallery ==<br />
<div align="center"><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:4279_01.jpg| Brandis 4279 in 4234 box.<br />
Image:4279_02.jpg| Brandis 4279: Navy Sticker.<br />
Image:4279_03.jpg| Brandis 4279 box: stenciled number 4234.<br />
Image:4946_01.jpg| Brandis 4946. Standard sextant & box.<br />
Image:5292_01.jpg| Brandis 5292. Byrd bubble added.<br />
Image:5292_02.jpg| Brandis 5292. Box modifications.<br />
Image:5292_03.jpg| Brandis 5292 in modified box.<br />
Image:three_sextants.jpg | Box comparisons.<br />
Image:three_sextants_02.jpg| Box comparisons.<br />
Image:4940_01.jpg|K&E 4940/Navy 415 in box for W&S 069/Navy 34.<br />
Image:W&S 069 box.jpg| W&S maker's number on box.<br />
Image:brandis_sticker.jpg| Brandis sticker in W&S box with K&E sextant.<br />
Image:4940_02.jpg| K&E 4940. Naval Observatory inspection 1/29/36.<br />
Image:3527_01.jpg| Why no mods in box lid?<br />
Image:David_White_box.jpg| 1943 David White box.<br />
Image:2975engrave.jpg| Naval Observatory number on 2975.<br />
Image:Navy-Number_02.jpg|Magnifying glass on 2785.<br />
Image:Pensfront.jpg| Pensacola sextant--top view.<br />
Image:Pensbottom.jpg| Pensacola: 3547 / 173.<br />
Image:Moffettsext.jpg| Ludolph in Pensacola box.<br />
</gallery><br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
* [http://fer3.com/arc/m2.aspx?i=108452 Restoration of a Byrd Sextant]--excellent photograph/diagram.<br />
* [http://sextantbook.com/2009/05/30/a-byrd-sextant-restored/ Blog entry about the restored sextant.]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<!-- Please leave this category marker at the bottom. You may add this article to other categories if you wish --><br />
[[Category:Collected by Gallagher]]<br />
[[Category:Artifacts]]<br />
[[Category:Navigation]]</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Niku_V_(2007)&diff=4616Niku V (2007)2009-10-28T02:43:28Z<p>McKenna: /* Team Members */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:NikuV.gif|thumb|250px|Itinerary for Niku V.]][[Image:Niku-v-team.jpg|thumb|250px|Click on the image for a complete caption.]]<br />
'''The 70th Anniversary Expedition'''<br />
* [http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Expeditions/NikuV/NikuV.html Niku V reports on main website.]<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
[[TIGHAR]] returned to [[Nikumaroro]] in July 2007 to perform three major tasks. <br />
<br />
1. Conduct intensive archaeological investigations at two sites in the colonial village: the "[[Carpenter's House]]" (or "Carpenter's Shop") and the Wireless or [[Radio Shack]]. <br />
<br />
2. Continue and expand upon the archaeological work begun in [[Niku IIII (2001)| 2001 (Niku IIII)]] at the [[Seven Site]].<br />
<br />
3. Obtain detailed topographic data on the [[Nutiran]] reef for use in calculating tidal effects on an airplane if parked there during the week following July 2, 1937.<br />
<br />
In addition, our physical anthropologist, [[Kar Burns]], with the assistance of [[Dr. Robin Aker]] and videographer [[Mark Smith]], carried out a taphonomic experiment – putting out the remains of a pig and seeing how fast and in what directions the coconut crabs and strawberry hermit crabs took its parts away. And biologist/forester [[Josh Gillespie]] identified key tree species to allow construction of a general vegetation map. <br />
<br />
We flew to Nadi in Fiji on July 14th, and from the nearby port of Lautoka embarked on our favorite motor-sailor the ''[[Nai’a]]'' for the five-day trip to [[Niku]]. We were 16 in all – the basic TIGHAR team, Mark Smith as videographer, and the representative of the government of [[Kiribati]]. The trip was uneventful but for various cases of seasickness; the weather was good but the swells were high. We landed as usual in the ship’s inflatables, going ashore every morning and returning to the ship in the evening. [[Gary Quigg]] took charge of work in [[village|the village]], [[Tom King]] oversaw the [[Seven Site]] project. [[Ric]] and [[Josh Gillespie]] were primarily in command of the reef mapping, while Lonnie Schorer and John Craib documented both the reef and the Seven Site (along with much of the lagoon) using [[Kite Aerial Photography]] (KAP). Several members of the ship’s crew helped tremendously at both [[the village]] and [[the Seven Site]]. <br />
<br />
== In the Village ==<br />
<br />
The village work involved clearing largish areas of coconut deadfall, metal detecting, mapping and excavating 1x1 meter test units. Suffice it to say that [[Gary Quigg|Gary Quigg’s]] crew were able to define and pretty definitively survey the carpenter’s shop and the vicinity of the wireless shack, together with the debris fields created downwind when the two structures blew away during storms in 1990 and thereafter. They collected a number of bronze bushing sleeves and other parts that might have been salvaged from an airplane, though analysis as of early 2009 indicates that the bushing sleeves at least were not. Analysis is continuing on this material. <br />
<br />
== At the Seven Site ==<br />
<br />
At the [[Seven Site]], it was first necessary to clear a great deal of [[scaevola]] in a way that would not unduly disturb the site surface. We accomplished this using long-handled pneumatic loppers powered by dive tanks; they worked remarkably well, and allowed a large area to be cleared. We then undertook a variety of excavations, metal detecting, and surface scanning for teeth and bones using a solar-powered daylight ultraviolet scanner designed by team member [[John Clauss]]. We used [[KAP]] to help document the site in its environment, and employed a robotic total station to update and correct the site map prepared in 2001. The UV scanner worked but revealed no human teeth or bones. The total station strained our technological competence but gave us what we needed, and the KAP worked very well, as did our state-of-the-art PVC sifting screens. We excavated several fire features that we hope will help us determine what sort of person was camping at the site; they produced a good deal of fish, bird, and turtle bone for dietary analysis. Artifact discoveries included a [[zipper]], a [[snap]] perhaps from an article of clothing, [[pocket knife|part of a small pocket knife]], a piece of [[compact|beveled glass that may be from a small mirror]], and [[rouge|pieces of what seems to be rouge]] – that aren’t easily associated with use of the site by Gilbertese colonists and U.S. Coast Guardsmen, the two groups known to have been there at various times. One of the fire features, too, contained the broken and mostly melted [[remains of two bottles]], both standing upright and possibly used in an attempt at water purification by whoever was camping there. <br />
<br />
== Taphonomy ==<br />
<br />
The [[taphonomy experiment]] involved laying out the partial carcass of a pig with titanium screws driven into each of its major bones and long colored streamers attached to facilitate tracking, and rigging two cameras in nearby trees for time-lapse photography. The results are gruesome, but certainly demonstrate that the [[crabs of Nikumaroro]] on the one hand make pretty short work of a dead body, and on the other hand leave bones alone when they became relatively dry.<br />
<br />
== Reef Mapping and KAP ==<br />
<br />
The reef mapping, supplemented by [[Kite Aerial Photography]] (KAP), went well and showed that the reef at [[Nutiran]] is somewhat higher than the tidal base station at the [[Ritiati landing channel]]. This has permitted adjustments to be made in calculations as to the feasibility of landing on the reef at the time when Earhart would likely have arrived, and as to the circumstances under which rising tide would likely have displaced the plane several days later.<br />
<br />
== Team Members ==<br />
* Robin Acker<br />
* [[Kar Burns]]<br />
* Bill Carter<br />
* [[John Clauss]]<br />
* Josh Gillespie<br />
* [[Ric Gillespie]]<br />
* Walt Holm<br />
* [[Tom King]]<br />
* Dave Mason<br />
* [[Andrew McKenna]]<br />
* Barb Norris<br />
* Gary Quigg<br />
* Tom Roberts<br />
* Lonnie Schorer<br />
<br />
<!-- Please leave this category marker at the bottom. You may add this article to other categories if you wish --><br />
[[Category:Expeditions]]</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Andrew_M._McKenna&diff=4615Andrew M. McKenna2009-10-28T02:41:11Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>* Also known as "Jihad" McKenna for frequently launching special [[TIGHAR]] initiatives.<br />
* Member of [[EPAC]] and team member on several expeditions:<br />
** [[Niku IIII]]<br />
** [[Niku V]]</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:McKenna&diff=3422User:McKenna2009-09-22T01:41:25Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Andrew McKenna is a veteran of several TIGHAR expeditions, an active member of EPAC, and a TIGHAR member since 1990, member number 1045CE.<br />
<br />
<br />
TIGHAR Expeditions include: <br />
<br />
B-23 Loon Lake Field School, 2000 - <br />
Niku IIII, 2001 -<br />
Lockheed Electra Crash Survey, Kellog Idaho, 2004 - <br />
Niku V, 2007 - <br />
Maid of Harlech Survey, 2007 - <br />
NIKU VI - Hopefully :-) 2010 <br />
<br />
In his spare time, Andrew is a part owner and Executive Vice President of Bella Energy, Inc. [http://www.bellaenergy.com Bella Energy] (www.bellaenergy.com), a leading solar energy installation firm in the Rocky Mountain Region. <br />
<br />
Andrew participated in multiple paleontological expeditions as a child in his father's paleontological expeditions throughout the western USA, Greenland, and Egypt.<br />
<br />
Andrew can be reached at amckenna -at - indra.com</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:McKenna&diff=3421User:McKenna2009-09-22T01:29:05Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Andrew McKenna is a veteran of several TIGHAR expeditions, an active member of EPAC, and a TIGHAR member since 1990, member number 1045CE.<br />
<br />
<br />
TIGHAR Expeditions include: <br />
<br />
B-23 Loon Lake Field School, 2000 - <br />
Niku IIII, 2001 -<br />
Lockheed Electra Crash Survey, Kellog Idaho, 2004 - <br />
Niku V, 2007 - <br />
Maid of Harlech Survey, 2007 - <br />
NIKU VI - Hopefully :-) 2010 <br />
<br />
In his spare time, Andrew is a part owner and Executive Vice President of Bella Energy, Inc. www.bellaenergy.com, a leading solar energy installation firm in the Rocky Mountain Region. <br />
<br />
Andrew can be reached at amckenna -at - indra.com</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Lagoon&diff=3419The Lagoon2009-09-20T05:03:44Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Nikumaroro is a typical coral atoll island with a lagoon surrounded by a ribbon of coral. The lagoon at Niku is approximately 3 miles long and a mile wide at it's widest point. There are two channels that connect the lagoon with the ocean both on the southwestern side of the island, Tatiman Passage (pronounced Taziman) to the north, and Baureke Passage to the south. Baureke passage is on occasion blocked and dry as we found during the Niku IIII expedition in 2001 (and seen in the satellite photo below), but was flowing in 2007 when NIku V visited the island.<br />
<br />
The lagoon is generally fairly shallow with an average depth of 15 ft, and a maximum depth of no more than 20 feet. There are coral heads to be found sporadically, and the bottom is generally a deep layer of very fine silt that can be stirred up during periods of windy weather reducing visibility underwater to virtually nil and giving the lagoon a milky quality. The temperature of the water is in the 90° F range. Beyond coral, there are a wide variety of marine animals that live in the lagoon including fish, turtles, crabs, Tridacna and other clams, and sharks (generally juvenile black tip reef sharks up to about 3 ft in length).<br />
<br />
The lagoon can best be understood by looking at the 2001 satellite photo of Nikumaroro.<br />
<br />
==The Satellite Photo==<br />
<br />
Leading up to the 2001 expedition, TIGHAR was able to obtain a high resolution satellite photo of Nikumaroro that proved to be an excellent research tool.<br />
<br />
http://tighar.org/aw/mediawiki/images/5/51/Nikucolor.jpg<br />
<br />
==GPS Data and the Start of the NIku GIS Project==<br />
<br />
NIKU IIII was the the first year during which multiple Expedition Team Members brought with them handheld personal GPS units. Many waypoints were logged during the trip and collated after the expedition. The data has been overlaid by James Thompson of Select GIS Services onto a copy of the second 2001 Sat photo (post expedition) as you will see below.<br />
<br />
During Niku IIII in 2001, TIGHAR dive team members Van Hunn, Walt Holm, and Andrew McKenna surveyed the NW end of the lagoon from the passage inlet delta of sand to the NW corner by using a 16 ft aluminum boat with outboard motor to pull two divers on manta boards. The two divers would skim the bottom of the lagoon searching for any unusual objects to be found. The survey utilized a series of markers and GPS waypoints to systematically cover the entire NW end of the Lagoon. See the tan dots in the overlay of the sat photo below.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://tighar.org/aw/mediawiki/images/d/d1/GIS_Niku_GPS_Mstr-1.png</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Lagoon&diff=3418The Lagoon2009-09-20T05:01:50Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Nikumaroro is a typical coral atoll island with a lagoon surrounded by a ribbon of coral. The lagoon at Niku is approximately 3 miles long and a mile wide at it's widest point. There are two channels that connect the lagoon with the ocean both on the southwestern side of the island, Tatiman Passage (pronounced Taziman) to the north, and Baureke Passage to the south. Baureke passage is on occasion blocked and dry as we found during the Niku IIII expedition in 2001 (and seen in the satellite photo below), but was flowing in 2007 when NIku V visited the island.<br />
<br />
The lagoon is generally fairly shallow with a maximum depth of no more than 20 feet. There are coral heads to be found sporadically, and the bottom is generally a deep layer of very fine silt that can be stirred up during periods of windy weather reducing visibility underwater to virtually nil. The temperature of the water is in the 90° F range. Beyond coral, there are a wide variety of marine animals that live in the lagoon including fish, turtles, crabs, Tridacna and other clams, and sharks (generally juvenile black tip reef sharks up to about 3 ft in length).<br />
<br />
The lagoon can best be understood by looking at the 2001 satellite photo of Nikumaroro.<br />
<br />
==The Satellite Photo==<br />
<br />
Leading up to the 2001 expedition, TIGHAR was able to obtain a high resolution satellite photo of Nikumaroro that proved to be an excellent research tool.<br />
<br />
http://tighar.org/aw/mediawiki/images/5/51/Nikucolor.jpg<br />
<br />
==GPS Data and the Start of the NIku GIS Project==<br />
<br />
NIKU IIII was the the first year during which multiple Expedition Team Members brought with them handheld personal GPS units. Many waypoints were logged during the trip and collated after the expedition. The data has been overlaid by James Thompson of Select GIS Services onto a copy of the second 2001 Sat photo (post expedition) as you will see below.<br />
<br />
During Niku IIII in 2001, TIGHAR dive team members Van Hunn, Walt Holm, and Andrew McKenna surveyed the NW end of the lagoon from the passage inlet delta of sand to the NW corner by using a 16 ft aluminum boat with outboard motor to pull two divers on manta boards. The two divers would skim the bottom of the lagoon searching for any unusual objects to be found. The survey utilized a series of markers and GPS waypoints to systematically cover the entire NW end of the Lagoon. See the tan dots in the overlay of the sat photo below.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://tighar.org/aw/mediawiki/images/d/d1/GIS_Niku_GPS_Mstr-1.png</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Lagoon&diff=3417The Lagoon2009-09-20T04:58:05Z<p>McKenna: New page: Nikumaroro is a typical coral atoll island with a lagoon surrounded by a ribbon of coral. The lagoon at Niku is approximately 3 miles long and a mile wide at it's widest point. There are...</p>
<hr />
<div>Nikumaroro is a typical coral atoll island with a lagoon surrounded by a ribbon of coral. The lagoon at Niku is approximately 3 miles long and a mile wide at it's widest point. There are two channels that connect the lagoon with the ocean both on the southwestern side of the island, name? to the north, and Baureke passage to the south. Baureke passage is on occasion blocked and dry as we found during the Niku IIII expedition in 2001 (and seen in the satellite photo below), but was flowing in 2007 when NIku V visited the island.<br />
<br />
The lagoon is generally fairly shallow with a maximum depth of no more than 20 feet. There are coral heads to be found sporadically, and the bottom is generally a deep layer of very fine silt that can be stirred up during periods of windy weather reducing visibility underwater to virtually nil. The temperature of the water is in the 90° F range. Beyond coral, there are a wide variety of marine animals that live in the lagoon including fish, turtles, crabs, Tridacna and other clams, and sharks (generally juvenile black tip reef sharks up to about 3 ft in length).<br />
<br />
The lagoon can best be understood by looking at the 2001 satellite photo of Nikumaroro.<br />
<br />
==The Satellite Photo==<br />
<br />
Leading up to the 2001 expedition, TIGHAR was able to obtain a high resolution satellite photo of Nikumaroro that proved to be an excellent research tool.<br />
<br />
http://tighar.org/aw/mediawiki/images/5/51/Nikucolor.jpg<br />
<br />
==GPS Data and the Start of the NIku GIS Project==<br />
<br />
NIKU IIII was the the first year during which multiple Expedition Team Members brought with them handheld personal GPS units. Many waypoints were logged during the trip and collated after the expedition. The data has been overlaid by James Thompson of Select GIS Services onto a copy of the second 2001 Sat photo (post expedition) as you will see below.<br />
<br />
During Niku IIII in 2001, TIGHAR dive team members Van Hunn, Walt Holm, and Andrew McKenna surveyed the NW end of the lagoon from the passage inlet delta of sand to the NW corner by using a 16 ft aluminum boat with outboard motor to pull two divers on manta boards. The two divers would skim the bottom of the lagoon searching for any unusual objects to be found. The survey utilized a series of markers and GPS waypoints to systematically cover the entire NW end of the Lagoon. See the tan dots in the overlay of the sat photo below.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://tighar.org/aw/mediawiki/images/d/d1/GIS_Niku_GPS_Mstr-1.png</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:McKenna&diff=3416User:McKenna2009-09-20T04:30:27Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Andrew McKenna is a veteran of several TIGHAR expeditions, an active member of EPAC, and a TIGHAR member since 1992, member number 1045CE.<br />
<br />
<br />
TIGHAR Expeditions include: <br />
<br />
B-23 Loon Lake Field School, 2000 - <br />
Niku IIII, 2001 -<br />
Lockheed Electra Crash Survey, Kellog Idaho, 2004 - <br />
Niku V, 2007 - <br />
Maid of Harlech Survey, 2007 - <br />
NIKU VI - Hopefully :-) 2010 <br />
<br />
In his spare time, Andrew is a part owner and Executive Vice President of Bella Energy, Inc. www.bellaenergy.com, a leading solar energy installation firm in the Rocky Mountain Region. <br />
<br />
Andrew can be reached at amckenna -at - indra.com</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Earhart_Project_Advisory_Committee&diff=3415Earhart Project Advisory Committee2009-09-20T04:21:12Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>{|class=wikitable border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
|-<br />
<br />
The Earhart Project Advisory Committee - EPAC - is a group of up to 50 diverse yet dedicated researchers who help Ric Gillespie and TIGHAR guide the direction of the Earhart Project. <br />
In addition to conducting much of the raw research on the Earhart Project, EPAC efforts include steering avenues of research, artifact and information analysis, fund raising and funding strategies, technology review, and expedition planning. <br />
<br />
|[[Image:earhart150.jpg|frame|center|Friends, benefactors, and associates of TIGHAR who help to conduct and interpret TIGHAR's research into the disappearance of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan.]]<br />
| '''Editors on the wiki:'''<br />
* [[User:Caldwell| Alan Caldwell]]<br />
* [[User:Gillespie| Ric Gillespie]]<br />
* [[User:Hoy| Karen Hoy]]<br />
* [[User:Jacobson| Randy Jacobson]]<br />
* [[User:Kelley| Roger Kelley]]<br />
* [[User:Moleski| Martin X. Moleski, SJ]]<br />
* [[User:Postellon| Daniel C. Postellon]]<br />
* [[User:Rickerjones| Rick Jones]]<br />
* [[User:Tfking106| Tom F. King]]<br />
* [[User:Thrasher| Pat Thrasher]]<br />
* [[User:McKenna| Andrew McKenna]]<br />
|-|}</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:McKenna&diff=3414User:McKenna2009-09-20T04:10:11Z<p>McKenna: New page: Andrew McKenna is a veteran of several TIGHAR expeditions, an active member of EPAC, and a TIGHAR member since 1992, member number 1045CE. TIGHAR Expeditions include: B-23 Loon Lake Fi...</p>
<hr />
<div>Andrew McKenna is a veteran of several TIGHAR expeditions, an active member of EPAC, and a TIGHAR member since 1992, member number 1045CE.<br />
<br />
<br />
TIGHAR Expeditions include: <br />
<br />
B-23 Loon Lake Field School, 2000 - <br />
Niku IIII, 2001 -<br />
Niku V, 2007 - <br />
Maid of Harlech Survey, 2007 - <br />
NIKU VI - Hopefully :-) 2010 <br />
<br />
In his spare time, Andrew is a part owner and Executive Vice President of Bella Energy, Inc. www.bellaenergy.com, a leading solar energy installation firm in the Rocky Mountain Region. <br />
<br />
Andrew can be reached at amckenna -at - indra.com</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Earhart_Project_Advisory_Committee&diff=3413Earhart Project Advisory Committee2009-09-20T03:59:29Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>{|class=wikitable border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
|-<br />
|[[Image:earhart150.jpg|frame|center|Friends, benefactors, and associates of TIGHAR who help to conduct and interpret TIGHAR's research into the disappearance of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan.]]<br />
| '''Editors on the wiki:'''<br />
* [[User:Caldwell| Alan Caldwell]]<br />
* [[User:Gillespie| Ric Gillespie]]<br />
* [[User:Hoy| Karen Hoy]]<br />
* [[User:Jacobson| Randy Jacobson]]<br />
* [[User:Kelley| Roger Kelley]]<br />
* [[User:Moleski| Martin X. Moleski, SJ]]<br />
* [[User:Postellon| Daniel C. Postellon]]<br />
* [[User:Rickerjones| Rick Jones]]<br />
* [[User:Tfking106| Tom F. King]]<br />
* [[User:Thrasher| Pat Thrasher]]<br />
* [[User:McKenna| Andrew McKenna]]<br />
|-|}</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3412Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-19T16:31:22Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show Amelia with a canvas water bag included with the gear being loaded or unloaded from the Electra.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood. I wouldn't think that these would be well suited for use in aviation as by nature they leak. The whole point of using a canvas bag made of Scottish Flax is that the material absorbs moisture and the evaporation from the exterior of the bag keeps the contents relatively cool. The downside is that they drip constantly.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a wood or possibly metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above. Note how the cork string is attached to the edge of the bag, and see that there is a similar feature on the bag in the 1937 photo.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.JPG|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener for the rope end<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
For fun, I've tried to re-create the 1937 photo of the water bag. I think the rope and the cork are simply out of sight under the bag in the 1937 photo. You can see part of the rope under the front edge of the bag, as well as off to the right.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Waterbag1937.JPG<br />
Image:WaterBag7.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3411Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-19T16:30:23Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show Amelia with a canvas water bag included with the gear being loaded or unloaded from the Electra.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood. I wouldn't think that these would be well suited for use in aviation as by nature they leak. The whole point of using a canvas bag made of Scottish Flax is that the material absorbs moisture and the evaporation from the exterior of the bag keeps the contents relatively cool. The downside is that they drip constantly.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a wood or possibly metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above. Note how the cork string is attached to the edge of the bag, and see that there is a similar feature on the bag in the 1937 photo.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.JPG|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener for the rope end<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
For fun, I've tried to re-create the 1937 photo of the water bag. I think the rope and the cork are simply out of sight under the bag in the 1937 photo. You can see part of the rope off to the right.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Waterbag1937.JPG<br />
Image:WaterBag7.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3410Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-19T16:28:54Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show Amelia with a canvas water bag included with the gear being loaded or unloaded from the Electra.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood. I wouldn't think that these would be well suited for use in aviation as by nature they leak. The whole point of using a canvas bag made of Scottish Flax is that the material absorbs moisture and the evaporation from the exterior of the bag keeps the contents relatively cool. The downside is that they drip constantly.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal or wood rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above. Note how the cork string is attached to the edge of the bag, and see that there is a similar feature on the bag in the 1937 photo.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.JPG|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener for the rope end<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
For fun, I've tried to re-create the 1937 photo of the water bag. I think the rope and the cork are simply out of sight under the bag in the 1937 photo. You can see part of the rope off to the right.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Waterbag1937.JPG<br />
Image:WaterBag7.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3409Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-19T16:24:18Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show Amelia with a canvas water bag included with the gear being loaded or unloaded from the Electra.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood. I wouldn't think that these would be well suited for use in aviation as by nature they leak. The whole point of using a canvas bag made of Scottish Flax is that the material absorbs moisture and the evaporation from the exterior of the bag keeps the contents relatively cool. The downside is that they drip constantly.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above. Note how the cork string is attached to the edge of the bag, and see that there is a similar feature on the bag in the 1937 photo.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.JPG|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener for the rope end<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
For fun, I've tried to re-create the 1937 photo of the water bag. I think the rope and the cork are simply out of sight under the bag in the 1937 photo. You can see part of the rope off to the right.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Waterbag1937.JPG<br />
Image:WaterBag7.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3406Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T22:30:21Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood. I wouldn't think that these would be well suited for use in aviation as by nature they leak. The whole point of using a canvas bag made of Scottish Flax is that the material absorbs moisture and the evaporation from the exterior of the bag keeps the contents relatively cool. The downside is that they drip constantly.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.JPG|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
For fun, I've tried to re-create the 1937 photo of the water bag. I think the rope and the cork are simply out of sight under the bag in the 1937 photo. You can see part of the rope off to the right.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Waterbag1937.JPG<br />
Image:WaterBag7.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3404Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T20:01:25Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.JPG|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
For fun, I've tried to re-create the 1937 photo of the water bag. I think the rope and the cork are simply out of sight under the bag in the 1937 photo. You can see part of the rope off to the right.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Waterbag1937.JPG<br />
Image:WaterBag7.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3403Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T19:50:41Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.jpg|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
For fun, I've tried to re-create the 1937 photo of the water bag. I think the rope and the cork are simply out of sight under the bag in the 1937 photo. You can see part of the rope off to the right.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Waterbag1937.jpg<br />
Image:WaterBag7.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3402Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T19:46:17Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.jpg|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
For fun, I've tried to re-create the 1937 photo of the water bag. I think the rope and the cork are simply out of sight under the bag in the 1937 photo. You can see part of the rope off to the right.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:WaterBag1937.jpg<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag7.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3401Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T19:38:12Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.jpg|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:WaterBag1937.jpg<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag7.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:WaterBag7.JPG&diff=3400File:WaterBag7.JPG2009-09-13T19:36:15Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:Waterbag1937.JPG&diff=3399File:Waterbag1937.JPG2009-09-13T19:35:25Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3398Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T19:34:52Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.jpg|Detail of the Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3397Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T19:32:51Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag8.jpg|<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:AMCKWaterBag8.JPG&diff=3396File:AMCKWaterBag8.JPG2009-09-13T19:28:26Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:AMCKWaterBag5.JPG&diff=3395File:AMCKWaterBag5.JPG2009-09-13T19:25:47Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3393Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T17:55:52Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|Note the aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag5.jpg|oops, will try to retake in focus<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3392Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T17:52:26Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks (typically called a bung in relation to a barrel) belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island.<br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Click here for discussion of the cask in the photos]]:<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a water bag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string. There is also a metal rod embedded inside the top edge of the water bag similar to the water bag in the 1937 photo, rather than externally attached as shown in Art's photo from the Baltimore Museum of Industry above.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|Safari Water Bag<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|This has a aluminum grommet<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|Aluminum Mouth<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag5.jpg|oops, will try to retake in focus<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|Note the copper (?) wire fastener<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3391Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T17:30:57Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. <br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Photos by Andrew McKenna]]:<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a Waterbag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my Father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Note that the mouth of the bag is made of aluminum, as Art Rypinski speculates above, but it is not threaded, rather has a cork attached by a string.<br />
<br />
Photos by Andrew McKenna<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|thumb|left|Safari Water Bag]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|thumb|left|This has a aluminum Grommet]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|thumb|left|Guaranteed Scotch Flax!]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|thumb|left|Aluminum Mouth]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag5.jpg|thumb|left|oops, will try to retake in focus]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|thumb|left|Note the copper (?) fastener]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3390Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T17:09:19Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. <br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Photos by Andrew McKenna]]:<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a Waterbag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my Father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag5.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3389Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T17:08:12Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. <br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Photos by Andrew McKenna]]:<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a Waterbag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my Father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag5.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|200px|thumb|alt text]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3388Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T17:06:57Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. <br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Photos by Andrew McKenna]]:<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a Waterbag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my Father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
</gallery><br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag5.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg&diff=3387File:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg2009-09-13T17:05:03Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:AMCKWaterBag5.jpg&diff=3386File:AMCKWaterBag5.jpg2009-09-13T17:04:26Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg&diff=3385File:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg2009-09-13T17:03:51Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg&diff=3384File:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg2009-09-13T17:02:42Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg&diff=3383File:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg2009-09-13T17:02:04Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3382Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T17:01:21Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. <br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Photos by Andrew McKenna]]:<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a Waterbag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my Father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag2.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag4.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag5.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag6.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3381Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T16:59:59Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. <br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Photos by Andrew McKenna]]:<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a Waterbag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my Father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
[[Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3380Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T16:59:28Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. <br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Photos by Andrew McKenna]]:<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a Waterbag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my Father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3379Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T16:59:04Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. <br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Photos by Andrew McKenna]]:<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a Waterbag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my Father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
Image:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:AMCKwaterbag2.jpg&diff=3378File:AMCKwaterbag2.jpg2009-09-13T16:57:25Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=3377Corks found on Nikumararo2009-09-13T16:56:10Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
<br />
On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
<br />
If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. <br />
<br />
[[Cask1.jpg|Photos by Andrew McKenna]]:<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg<br />
Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory,] but a [http://pro.corbis.com/Enlargement/Enlargement.aspx?id=U401403AACME photograph from 1937 does show a canvas water bag.]<br />
<br />
Photos by Art Rypinski:<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:AE waterbag detail1.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:AE waterbag detail2.jpg|Detail, 1937 photograph<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
Image:WaterbagBMI detail1.jpg|Baltimore Museum of Industry<br />
</gallery><br />
With reference to the last two photos: "This water bag's mouth looked like aluminum (to me) and the threaded cap was attached with a string (no chain). The top of the water bag was closed with a flat steel sheet plus unusual curved hooks."<ref>Rypinski to [[EPAC]], 23 May 2009</ref><br />
<br />
Here are some photos of a Waterbag owned by Andrew McKenna. This was used by my Father in his paleontology field camps in the Western US. I remember them well from my childhood.<br />
<br />
[[Image:AMCKwaterbag1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=File:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg&diff=3376File:AMCKWaterBag1.jpg2009-09-13T16:50:23Z<p>McKenna: Here is a photo of a water bag used by my family starting the the early 60s and perhaps earlier</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a photo of a water bag used by my family starting the the early 60s and perhaps earlier</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cask1.jpg&diff=2760Cask1.jpg2009-03-25T14:49:44Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Below are photos of a wooden stave cask with a wooden "cork" or bung on a chain, possibly brass. The cask came into my possession, along with another (of similar size but rounder in cross section), when I bought my house in St. Thomas USVI in 1984 from the estate of a man who owned a nautical curio shop. One of the casks had a nautical scene painted on it at the time. I have no information about the age or origin of these casks, but given the location and the source it is not unlikely that they could be casks used on old ships from a bygone era. <br />
<br />
As far as I know, this is the only "cork" on a brass chain that TIGHAR has located as part of the Earhart Project. Andrew McKenna TIGHAR #1045<br />
<br />
Double click on the image to see a full sized version.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cask1.jpg&diff=2759Cask1.jpg2009-03-25T05:02:22Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Below are photos of a wooden stave cask with a wooden "cork" or bung on a chain, possibly brass. The cask came into my possession, along with another (of similar size but rounder in cross section), when I bought my house in St. Thomas USVI in 1984 from the estate of a man who owned a nautical curio shop. One of the casks had a nautical scene painted on it at the time. I have no information about the age or origin of these casks, but given the location and the source it is not unlikely that they could be casks used on old ships from a bygone era. <br />
<br />
As far as I know, this is the only "cork" on a brass chain that TIGHAR has located as part of the Earhart Project. Andrew McKenna TIGHAR #1045<br />
<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cask1.jpg&diff=2758Cask1.jpg2009-03-25T05:00:03Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Below are photos of a wooden stave cask with a wooden "cork" or bung on a chain, possibly brass. The cask came into my possession, along with another of similar size, when I bought my house in St. Thomas USVI in 1984 from the estate of a man who owned a nautical curio shop. One of the casks had a nautical scene painted on it at the time. I have no information about the age or origin of these casks, but given the location and the source it is not unlikely that they could be water casks used on old ships. As far as I know, this is the only "cork" on a brass chain that TIGHAR has located as part of the Earhart Project. Andrew McKenna TIGHAR #1045<br />
<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cask1.jpg&diff=2757Cask1.jpg2009-03-25T04:57:44Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Below are photos of a wooden stave cask with a wooden "cork" or bung on a chain, possibly brass. The cask came into my possession, along with another of similar size, when I bought my house in St. Thomas USVI in 1984 from the estate of a man who owned a nautical curio shop. One of the casks had a nautical scene painted on it at the time. I have no information about the age or origin of these casks, but given the location and the source it is not unlikely that they could be water casks used on old ships. As far as I know, this is the only "cork" on a brass chain that we've located. Andrew McKenna TIGHAR #1045<br />
<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_376.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_377.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_378.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]<br />
[[Image:Photo_Library_-_379.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]</div>McKennahttps://tighar.org/wiki/index.php?title=Corks_found_on_Nikumararo&diff=2756Corks found on Nikumararo2009-03-25T04:49:09Z<p>McKenna: </p>
<hr />
<div>Near the [[bones found on Nikumaroro]], [[Gallagher]] found "corks on brass chains." The number of corks and chains was not specified in the [[bones file]] nor was there any description of whether the corks and chains were linked to each other or independent (one chain per cork?). If the corks were measured in any way, the measurements were not entered into the records TIGHAR has found to date.<br />
<br />
The corks and chains were sent to [[WPHC]] headquarters in Suva, Fiji.<br />
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On July 1, 1941, [[Steenson| K. R. Steenson]], Senior Medical Officer, [[G.&E.I.C]]. wrote [[Vaskess]]: "Those corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask."<br />
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If the corks belonged to a cask, they may have come from the cache that the [[Norwich City]] survivors left on the island. For a photo of such a cask, see<br />
[[Cask1.jpg]]<br />
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It is also conceivable that the corks came from [http://ernielb.blogspot.com/2008/05/canvas-water-bags_8692.html canvas water bags.] No such bags are listed on the [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Documents/Luke_Field.html Luke Field inventory.]</div>McKenna